Transcript Kingdom

Unit 2 PP 1
Define / Describe binomial of naming
species:
• - Every organism is given 2 names (by Carl Linnaeus, a
Swedish Botanist – in Latin)
- These are: Genus & species (Genus – first letter is capitol,
species is not – both are italic)
• Eg. Canis lupus - Wolf
• Can also be written as C. lupus
Classification – each division has its own
unique characteristics
( REMEMBER: Kings Play Chess On Fine Grained Sand)
• Kingdom – Animal, Plant, Fungi, Prokaryotes, Protista
• Phylum - vertebrates/ arthropods / nematodes / annelids /
mollusks
• Class – fish / reptiles/ birds/ amphibians/ mammals
- crustaceans, insects, myrapods, arachnids
• Order • Family • Genus • Species -
Kingdoms:
Animal
Plant
Fungi
Prokaryotes
Protista
Kingdom: Animal; Phylum: Vertebrates
includes…..
• Fish
Reptiles
Birds:
Amphibians:
Mammals:
List features of vertebrates (as above):
Bony fish
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals
-> vertebrates
with scaly skin
->Have fins
->Have gills
->Vertebrates
with moist
scale-less skin
-> eggs laid in
water
->Larva
(tadpoles) live
in water
->Larva has
gills
-> Adult has
lungs
->Vertebrates
with scaly
skin
->Lay eggs
with rubbery
shells
->Vertebrates
with feathers
->Forelimbs
have become
wings
->Lay eggs with
hard shells
(waterproof)
->Homeothermi
c
-> have a beak
->Vertebrates
with hair
->Have
placenta
->Young feed
on milk from
mammary
glands
-Homeothermic
-Have
diaphragm
-Heart has 4
chambers
-Different types
of teeth
-Developed
cerebral
Kingdom: Animals; Phylum: Arthropods includes…
• Crustaceans:
Insects:
• Myrapods:
• Arachnids:
Kingdom: animal;
Phylum : nematodes / annelids / mollusks
includes….
Nematodes:
Mollusks:
Annelids:
Adaptations (list of features) of organisms (as
above):
Arthropods
Annelids
Nematodes
Molluscs
Myriapods:
- Mandibles / lower jaws
helps crush food easily
-Have poison claws
-Produce irritant liquid used
against predators
-Insects:
-Wings to fly away form
predators
- Antenna enhanced sense of
smell and taste
- exoskeleton that protest
internal organs
Crustaceans:
-Hard outside shell –
protection from predators
- legs have 2 endings like
claws to catch prey (crabs)
Arachnids:
-Many legs = quick mobility
- have waxy layer on skin
allowing to conserve water
- high metabolic rates due to
trachea supplying oxygen
directly to tissue
-Hermaphroditic therefore
faster reproduction
- thin body shape allows
them to burrow in the
ground easily
-- can re-grow their lost
body parts
-Eggs can survive harsh
conditions
- parasitic (some)
therefore are able to get
their nutrition from host
organism
- coved in waxy layer that
is thick that can protect
them in harsh conditions
-Have shells for
protection
-Radula used for scraping
food from surfaces
(algae)
- closed circulatory
systems (makes learning
and memory possible –
like octopus)
- can camouflage to blend
with surroundings
(change color) like
octopus
Kingdom: Plants
• Phylum: Anthrocerotophyta – (one of many)
(Flowering plants)
• Monocotyledon (Monocots):
• Fibrous roots to uptake more water than Dicots
• Over ground damaged roots can regenerate
• Roots expand like a mat to maximize surface area to
exposed minerals
• Dicotyledon (Dicots):
• Larger roots more resistant to damage if pulled
• Well branched / roots go deep underground
• Have thorns for protection (roses)
Some background information on plants
Plants
Animals
•Photosynthesis: take energy from
sunlight to make sugar from Carbon
Dioxide and Water
•Chlorophyll: a pigment that captures
sunlight and allows photosynthesis to
take place.
•Have a cell wall made out of cellulose
•* Flowering plants (sexual
reproduction) that gives seeds.
•**Non flowering plants (ferns –
asexual reproduction)
•Roots / stems and leaves
•No photosynthesis
•Gets nutrients by eating plants and or
other organisms
•No chlorophyll
•No Cell wall.
•No flowering parts but use sexual
reproduction to generate offspring
Monocots / Dicots
• What’s a cotyledon?
Parts of the seed – Mono – one part / Di – 2 parts
Monocots
Dicots
•Long / sharp
leaves
Parallel veins
• Have flowers
with number of
parts divisible by
3
•Leaves with
branching
patterns
•Have flowers
with number of
petals divisible
by 4 or 5
Leaves
Dicot
Monocot
Info on viruses: ~1 nano-meter (1x 10-9 nm)
1. Virus attaches to
the cell’s surface
2. DNA or RNA of the
virus (either /or) *
Nucleic acid =DNA
or RNA = genetic
material – enters
the cell
3. Viral DNA or RNA
makes copy of
itself using the
cell’s own
machinery.
4. Outside the
nucleus the virus
is assembled
5. New viruses leave
the cell
More on Bacteria: 1000 x smaller than
animal cell
• Single cell organism (prokaryotic)
• Cell wall made of peptidoglycan
• No nucleus
More on Fungi
• Do not do photosynthesis /No chlorophyll
• Reproduce via spores
• Saprotropic (secrete enzymes on their food / digest it
and then absorb it)
• Feed on dead and waste matter
Myceluim = main body of
Mushroom
Cell wall made up of chitin
Mycelium made up of Hyphe
( small thread like structures
that grows where the
mushroom is feeding.
Classification of viruses / bacteria / fungi /
adaptations
virus
bacteria
fungi
classification
-Small 1 nm
-Protein coat
-DNA or RNA
in nucleus
-Uses host
cell machinery
to reproduce
-Not
considered
living until..
-1000x
smaller than
animal cell
-Prokayotic
-Has cell wall
made of
peptidoglycan
--free floating
DNA
-Has
mycelium
-Has hyphe
-Cell wall
made up of
chitin
-Reproduces
via spores
adaptation
-Can remain
dormant for
long periods
of time
-Has variety
of hosts
-Can survive
in extreme
temperatures
-Cell wall
allows it to
survive and
penetrate host
cell
-Can grow on
what it feeds on
-Sparotrophic
(has enzymes
that it excretes
to digest waste
it feeds on)
-Spores are
carried by wind
Main features for the classification of:
arthropods
insects
crustaceans
arachnids
myriapods
•Joint legs
•Hard outer
covering
(exoskeleton)
•Exoskeleton:
-Protection
-Supports
muscles for
movement
• Body divided
into segments
• Body divided
into: head /
thorax (3
segments)/
abdomen
(10/11
segments)
•2 pairs of
wings
attached to
thorax
•Compound
eyes
•Pair of
antennae
•Grasshopper
• Strong
exoskeleton
Due to
calcium
• Many pairs
of legs
•2 pairs of
antennae
•Head/thorax
(cephalothora
x) & abdomen
•Crabs
•Cephalothorx
and abdomen
•4 pairs of
legs
•No Antennae
•Centipedes
(fast moving
predators)
•Millipedes
(slow moving
herbavors)
•Long /thin
•Similar
segment
bodies
•Many pairs of
legs
•Pair of
antennae
Main features for the classification of:
Annelids
Nematodes
Molluscs
• Worms
•Body made up of
many segments (rings)
•Earthworms
•Leaches
•No legs
•Some have antennae /
visible head
•Chaetae = tiny stiff
hairs that help them to
grip surface
• Also worms
•Body not divided into
segments
•Long / thin / white
•No obvious head / legs
•No Chaetae
•Parasitic
• Some live in digestive
system of animals others in
soil
•Slugs / snails/ mussels /
oisters / Octopus
• Soft bodies
•No segmentation
•Sometimes have hard
shell
• Move on soft foot that
secretes slimy mucus
•Rough tongue that to
scrape leaves that they
eat
•Some are filter feeders
There are other classification systems
• Cladistics – based on DNA / RNA sequencing data