Transcript Dendrology - Montgomery County Schools

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To understand dendrology.
To evaluate tree anatomy.
To determine the age of a tree.
To identify tree species.
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• Is the study of plants whose support
system is composed mainly of woody
material
• Studies plants including the following:
– trees
– shrubs
– vines
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• Are woody plants with one central trunk
• Have a protective covering called bark
• Have branches reaching in all directions
from the trunk
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• Are plants with
numerous woody
stems
• Are usually lower in
height than trees
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• Are woody plants which require a
structure for support
• Have very flexible stems
• Are mostly flowering plants
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• Includes the following major
parts:
–leaves
–trunk
–branches
–roots
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• Are normally green
• Are flattened, lateral structures
attached to a stem
• Function as the primary organ of
photosynthesis and transpiration in
most plants
• Take in oxygen through openings
called stomata
• Are protected from dehydration through
the external waxy layer
• Adapt to the environment with hairs,
bristles, scales or other modifications
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• Include a protective layer called
the bark
• Include the following functions:
– support
– protection from injury and
decay
– transportation of liquids
– storage of starch and other
minerals
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• Consists of the following two
zones:
–inner bark
–outer bark
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• Is also known as phloem
• Contains tubular cells which distribute
sugars and growth regulators from the
leaves and buds to other parts of the
tree
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• Consists of layers of inner bark which have
died and been pushed out by the growth of
the tree
• Is the tree’s first line of defense to disease
caused by insects and bacteria or damage
by humans, heat and cold
• Contains a meristematic region
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• Are the areas where new cells are formed
which allow the tree to grow
• Are located in the following places:
– root tips
– buds at the end of twigs
– the area between the bark and wood
known as the vascular cambium zone
• strongest defense against decay
• covers up minor wounds
• blocks off and rids entire columns of
rot-infected wood
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• Contain the xylem
– which is also known as wood
– includes the following types of cells:
• tubular connective cells
• ray cells
• parenchyma cells
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• Run parallel to the trunk or
branch
• Carry water and minerals up
from the roots
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• Distribute food to living cells
• Are sheets of cells in the wood
• Are tubes which run from the
inner bark to the center of the
tree
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• Store starch crystals which
have the following functions:
– are the main raw material for
the fungicides produced by
trees in response to injury
– are the main source of
energy for growth after injury
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• Contain the following:
– heartwood
• is located in the center
• is involved in the storage
and transport of energy
• cannot respond to injury
– sapwood
• as it ages, becomes the
toxic waste dump
• gives the tree its natural
resistance to decay
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– pith
• is a spongy, foam-like material
• is the main tissue formed as a twig
grows in length
• is eventually covered by wood
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• Are grown through the following process:
– starts at the auxiliary buds found at the leaf
joint
– reproducing cells contained in the meristem,
located at the tip of the bud, divide and
become a twig
– cells located just under the bark divide and
the twig grows in diameter, producing a
branch
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• Provide the following functions:
– uptake of water, minerals and oxygen
– transport of water and minerals to the
trunk of the tree
– tree support
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• Take in water and minerals from the soil through
the root hairs called one-celled projections
• Carry water to the trunk through conducting roots
• Provide support through lateral brace roots
Tree Fact
A large tree can have over 30 miles
of roots and five million root tips. 23
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• Includes the following steps:
– measure the circumference of the tree
– determine the diameter and radius of the tree
– adjust for the width of the bark
– determine the width of annual rings
– determine the estimated age
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• Is the measurement of the outside of a
tree trunk
• Is measured 4.5 feet above the ground
with a measuring tape
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• Diameter
– is the measurement of the thickness
or width of the trunk
– is determined by the following
equation:
• diameter = circumference/pi
• pi = 3.14
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• Radius
– is the measurement of the exact
center of the trunk to the
outside edge
– is determined by the following
equation:
• radius = diameter/2
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• Subtract 0.5 inches from the
radius of thinly barked trees
• Subtract 1 inch from the
radius of a tree with thick bark
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• Can vary between trees due to the
following:
– genetics
– climatic conditions
– water and nutrient availability
– disease
– height
– age
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• Is calculated by performing the following steps:
– measure the radius using a cross section of a tree
of similar species
– count the number of annual rings within the radius
– divide the radius by the number of annual rings
• width = radius/number of annual rings
– the result is the average width of one annual ring
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• Is calculated by the following
equation:
– radius/average width of annual
ring = estimated tree age
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• Was first used by Carl Linnaeus
in the 1700s
• Uses a system of binomial
nomenclature
– scientific names consists of
the genus and specie name
– the genus name is
capitalized, the specie name
is lowercase and both are
italicized
Binomial nomenclature:
The scientific naming of species in
which each organism is given two
names
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• Includes the following classifications
in order from largest to smallest:
– kingdom
– division
– class
– order
– family
– genus
– species
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Pneumonic device:
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• Are tools which aid in
determining the identity of living
things
• Always consists of two choices
in each step
– user is asked a pair of
questions
– each question is designed to
divide into smaller groups
until there is only one left
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1. a. wings covered by an
exoskeleton…………………. ….…..go to step 2
b. wings not covered by an
exoskeleton………………...……….go to step 3
2. a. body has round
shape……………...…………………..ladybug
b. body has elongated
shape………..…...…….…………..grasshopper
3. a. wings point out from the side of the
body………………………………...…..dragonfly
b. wings point to the posterior of the
body…………………………….………..horsefly 38
• Identifies the tree by calculating
the differences and similarities
• First separates the tree based
on whether it is coniferous or
deciduous
– coniferous: possesses
cones
– deciduous: sheds its leaves
each year
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• Then separates the tree based on
the following properties:
– leaf arrangement
– leaf type
– leaf shape
– leaf margins
– leaf tips
– leaf bases
– leaf vein types
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alternate
whorled
opposite
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palmate
bipinnate
pinnate
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linear
ovate
cordate
obovate
lanceolate
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serrate
dentate
entire
lobed
crenate
sinuate
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Acute
Cuspidate
Acuminate
Emarginate
Caudate
Obtuse
Aristate
Truncate
Mucronate
Retuse
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Acute
Cuneate
Sagittate
Hastate
Cordate
Heart-shaped
Rounded
Truncate
Oblique
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pinnate
palmate
parallel
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• Then divides the tree based on the
presence of twigs and buds
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• Fourth, divides the tree based on the
presence of fruit
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• Includes, but is not limited to, the
following characteristics:
– bark
– tree shape
– habitat found where growing
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• Dendrology involves the study of woody
plants including trees, shrubs and vines.
• Tree anatomy consists of leaves, trunks,
branches and roots.
• The estimated age of a tree is calculated
through the equation: estimated tree age
= radius/average width of annual ring
• A dichotomous key identifies tree species
in order to place a tree in a taxonomy
classification.
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1. Define dendrology.
2. Name the three types of woody plants.
3. ________ _________ is the home of
the younger trees.
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4. Name the major parts of a tree.
5. Leaves take in oxygen through
openings called buds.
a. true
b. false
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6. Name a function of bark.
7. Name the two leaf types.
8. Name a function of roots.
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9. Taxonomy was first used by Carl
Linnaeus.
a. true
b. false
10. Name the taxonomy classifications from
largest to smallest.
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www.ci.huntsville.al.us
www.campgradyspruce.org
www.scarborough.k12.me.us
nerds.unl.edu
www.delawareenvirothin.org/Dendrology
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