Transcript Field pests

Module of Applied
Entomology
Field pests
- in temperate zone of Europe Georgikon Kar
Növényvédelmi Intézet
AZ ELŐADÁS LETÖLTHETŐ:
-
Main topics
•Polyphagous field pests
•Wheat pests
•Corn pests
•Sunflower pests
Main topics
•Rapeseed pests
•Alfalfa and pea pests
•Potato pests
•Rice pests
I. Polyphagous field pests
Polyphagous field pests
• PHYTOPHAGY:
• MONOPHAGOUS SPECIES:
• Feed on only one plant taxon
• OLIGOPHAGOUS SPECIES: Feed on a few plant taxa
(for example: one plant-family)
• POLYPHAGOUS SPECIES (generalist): Feed on many
plant taxa
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
5
Polyphagous field pests
• POLYPHAGOUS PESTS:
•
•
•
•
•
Cockchafers’ (Melolonthidae) larvae (grubs)
Click beetles’ (Elateridae) larvae (wireworms)
Noctuid moths’ (Noctuidae) larvae (caterpillars)
Rodents (common vole, gopher, hamster)
Games (rabbit, roe-deer, red-deer, wild boar)
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
6
Polyphagous field pests
• COCKCHAFERS:
• 12 species living in Hungary
• The most importants are the followings:
1. Common cockchafer (Melolontha melolontha)
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
7
Polyphagous field pests
2. Forest cockchafer
(Melolontha hippocastani)
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
8
Polyphagous field pests
3. April beetle
(Rhizotrogus aequinoctialis)
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
9
Polyphagous field pests
4. Summer chafer
(Amphimallon solstitiale)
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
10
Polyphagous field pests
5. June beetle
(Polyphylla fullo)
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
11
Polyphagous field pests
6. Vine chafer
(Anomala vitis)
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
12
Polyphagous field pests
7. Japanese beetle
(Popillia japonica) – absent in Europe, quarantine
pest
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
13
Polyphagous field pests
Larvae – the grubs
Economic importance: 1040% damage
• The grubs attacks the
rooting system
• Most dangeorous when
recently planted
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
14
Polyphagous field pests
Life cycle
• The development takes three years
• Most dangerous is the third instar larva (80% of the
full damage)
• 5-10 cm deep – summer
• 20-40 cm deep – winter
• Adults live approx. two weeks
• Egg hatching needs moisture
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
15
Polyphagous field pests
Control:
• Damage threshold level: 1.2 larva/m2
• Soil sterilization before planting
• Seed treatment
• Biological control (entomopathogenic nematodes)
• Less effective in orchards
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
16
Polyphagous field pests
• Click beetles (Elateridae)
Photograph copyright: ozwildlife
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
17
Polyphagous field pests
1. Western click beetle
(Agriotes ustulatus)
(foto www.kerbtier.de)
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
18
Polyphagous field pests
2. Dusky click beetle
(Agriotes obscurus)
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
19
Polyphagous field pests
3. Lined click beetle
(Agriotes lineatus)
Copyright:http://molbiol.ru
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
20
Polyphagous field pests
4. Common click beetle
(Agriotes sputator)
Copyright: www.eakringbirds.com
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
21
Polyphagous field pests
•
•
•
•
Wireworms
The larvae called: wireworms – cause the damage
The adults feeds on pollen
Economic importance: 10 – 20% damage
Copyright: entomology.ucdavis.edu
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
22
Polyphagous field pests
• Typical life cycle of click beetles
Copyright: omafra.gov.on.ca
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
23
Polyphagous field pests
• Control:
• Damage threshold level may vary by sites / year /
culture: 2-5 larva/ m2
• Soil sterilization before planting
• Seed treatment
• Biological control (entomopathogenic nematodes)
• For good efficacy, special skill / practice is needed
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
24
Polyphagous field pests
• Noctuid moths
(Noctuidae)
• Nocturnal
• Diurnal
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
25
Polyphagous field pests – Nocturnal moths
1. Turnip moth
(Scotia segetum)
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
26
Polyphagous field pests – Nocturnal moths
2. Dart moth
(Agrotis exclamationis)
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
27
Polyphagous field pests – Nocturnal moths
3. Spotted cutworm
(Amathes c-nigrum)
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
28
Polyphagous field pests – Nocturnal moths
4. Black cutworm
(Agrotis ipsilon)
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
29
Polyphagous field pests – Nocturnal moths
5. Euxoa temera
Copyright: fr.academic.ru
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
30
Polyphagous field pests – Nocturnal moths
• Turnip moth damage
• The seedlings can be totally bored through
• The larva chew rings around the stems
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
31
Polyphagous field pests – Nocturnal moths
•
•
•
•
•
•
Biology and control of turnip moth
Two generations per year
First fly in May
Damage can be observed from May to October
The eggs laid into the surface of the soil
Control is very difficult
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
32
Polyphagous field pests – Diurnal moths
1. Silver Y moth (Autographa gamma)
Copyright: gardener.wikia.com
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
33
Polyphagous field pests – Diurnal moths
2. Shoulder-striped Clover (Heliothis maritima)
Copyright: www.jpmoth.org
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
34
Polyphagous field pests – Diurnal moths
3. Cotton Bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera)
Copyright: bayercropscience.co.za
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
35
Polyphagous field pests – Diurnal moths
Cotton Bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera)
• One of the most dangerous pests worldwide
• Host plants includes vegetables, field crops and
ornamentals
• Damage: usually feeds on the generative parts of
plants (flowers, fruits, seeds)
• 2-(3) generation per year
• The pupa can overwinter under Hungarian
conditions, diapausing from September
• Forecasting with sex pheromone traps
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
36
Polyphagous field pests – Diurnal moths
3. Cotton Bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera)
Damage on corn:
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
37
Polyphagous field pests – Diurnal moths
3. Cotton Bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera)
Damage on pepper:
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
38
Polyphagous field pests – Diurnal moths
3. Cotton Bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera)
Damage on tomato:
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
39
Polyphagous field pests – Diurnal moths
3. Cotton Bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera)
Damage on alfalfa:
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
40
Polyphagous field pests – Diurnal moths
4. Cabbage armyworm (Mamestra brassicae)
Copyright: russellipm-agriculture.com
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
41
Polyphagous field pests – Diurnal moths
5. Bright line- Brown eye moth (Mamestra oleracea)
Copyright: www.inra.fr
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
42
Polyphagous field pests – Diurnal moths
• Damage:
• Larvae of diurnal moths damages the following crops:
• Sugar beet, sunflower, soybean, rapeseed, alfalfa,
pea, bean, lettuce, mustard, carrot, cabbage, tobacco,
poppy, etc.
• They feeds on leaves or flowers
Copyright:
www.ukmoths.org.uk
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
43
Polyphagous field pests – Diurnal moths
•
•
•
•
Biology and control
Most of them has two generation per year
The eggs laid on the leaves
Overwinters in the soil, except for the silver Y moth,
which is a migrant moth
• The pupation is usually in the soil
• Control: good efficiacy can be achieved against young
larvae
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
44
Polyphagous field pests – Rodents (Rodentia)
• Rodentia is an order of mammals also known as
rodents, characterised by two continuously-growing
incisors in the upper and lower jaws which must be
kept short by gnawing
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
45
Polyphagous field pests – Rodents (Rodentia)
1. Common vole
(Microtus arvalis)
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
46
Polyphagous field pests – Rodents (Rodentia)
1. Common vole
(Microtus arvalis)
• The most dangerous and widespread rodent in Hungary
• Mass outbreak in every 3-6 years after mild winter
• Host plants: alfalfa, wheat, maize, potato, sugarbeet, pea,
onion, vegetables, fruit trees
• The damage is bigger nearby its holes
• Feeding on living plant parts, maize cob, wheat spike, rooting
system of woody plants
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
47
Polyphagous field pests – Rodents (Rodentia)
1. Common vole
(Microtus arvalis)
• Biology:
• 6-8 litter per year, with 3 to 8 juveniles
• No winter sleep
• Densities can range froem 100/ha up to 2000 individuals /ha
• Control:
• Chemical control can be performed, using anticoalguant
active ingredients (chlorphacinone, calcium phosphide, zinc
phosphide, etc.)
• Biological control: predaceous birds
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
48
Polyphagous field pests – Rodents (Rodentia)
1. Common vole
(Microtus arvalis)
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
49
Polyphagous field pests – Rodents (Rodentia)
2. European hamster
(Cricetus cricetus)
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
50
Polyphagous field pests – Rodents (Rodentia)
2. European hamster
(Cricetus cricetus)
• Brown and white coloured face
• The body is medium sized among rodents
• Aggressive appearance when alarmed is typical
• Prefers loess soil
• Most abundant in the Great Plain – East Hungary
• Damage:
• Host plants: Maize (most important), wheat, potatoe,
sugarbeet, onion, fruit trees’ root system
• Feeds on young seedlings, chews tip / upper part of the wheat
and the cob of the maize
• Hamsters store food reserves in their burrows
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
51
Polyphagous field pests – Rodents (Rodentia)
2. European hamster
(Cricetus cricetus)
• Biology:
• 2 litters per year, with 4 to 6 juveniles
• Hibernating starts in October and finishes in April
• Sleeping periods alternate with wakeful phases when
hamsters feed on their winter stores (15-20 kg maize)
• There is no effective control against this pest
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
52
Polyphagous field pests – Rodents (Rodentia)
3. Ground squirrel
(Citellus citellus)
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
53
Polyphagous field pests – Rodents (Rodentia)
4. Water vole (Arvicola terrestris)
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
54
Polyphagous field pests – Rodents (Rodentia)
4. Water vole (Arvicola terrestris)
• Occurs only, where water is present
• Live in and around streams, rivers and other water bodies
• Damage:
• Eat green shoots in preference to fruits and seeds
• they rely more on below-ground rhizomes during the winter
• The damaged tree shriveled
• Causing a wedge-like tree bottom
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
55
Polyphagous field pests – Rodents (Rodentia)
4. Water vole (Arvicola terrestris)
• Biology:
• Water vole has 3-4 litter per year with 4-6 young per litter
• It spends winter within the burrow, although they do not
hibernate
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
56
Polyphagous field pests – Rodents (Rodentia)
5. European mole – (Talpa europea)
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
57
Polyphagous field pests – Rodents (Rodentia)
5. European mole – (Talpa europea)
• A beneficial predator that feeds on insects
• Cause harm by the burrowing activity, especially the molehills
• While burrowing young plants often die
• Often feeds on earthworms
• Biology:
• The mole has 1 litter per year
with 4-7 young per litter
• They don’t hibernate
• The european mole is under
protection, any control methods
against this pest is permitted!!!
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
58
Polyphagous field pests – Games
1. European hare (Lepus europeus)
• Most common in plain areas – Great Plain
• Host plants: pea, sunflower, watermelon, bean, cabbage,
sugarbeet, fruit tree bark (at wintertime)
• Biology: The hare has 3-4 litter per year with 3-4 young per
litter
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
59
Polyphagous field pests – Games
2. Wild boar (Sus scrofa)
• Important pest – high density
• Host plants: Maize, wheat, sugarbeet, grape, potatoe, corn
• Digs out the maize and the oak seedlings
• Treads down the field crops
• Eats out the seeds from the corncob
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
60
Polyphagous field pests – Games
3. Deers: Red deer (Cervus elaphus), Roe deer (Capreolus
capreolus)
• High population density in Hungary
• Host plants: wheat, maize, sunflower (roe deer), fruit trees
(deer), grape, cabbage, pea, alfalfa, soybean, potatote,
sugarbeet, oak, beech
• Damage: Gnaw off wheat and corn, treads down the field
crops
• Leaves and twigs are ripped from trees and brush leaving a
ragged surface
• Annuals can be pulled out, smaller trees can be destroyed
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
61
Polyphagous field pests – Games
4. Eurasian badger (Meles meles)
• Damages corn only, by beating down and feeding on corncobs
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
62
Polyphagous field pests – Games
•
•
•
•
•
Game control
Game repellents
Fence, electrical fence
Cartonplast in woody plants (single control)
Chemical (single and area management)
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
63
II. Wheat pests
Wheat pests
•
•
•
•
•
Wheat:
Sowed usually in October
Spacing: 12,5x2-3cm
Harvesting in June- July
It is the most important cultivated plant with the biggest area
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
65
Wheat pests
• Autumn pests
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Zabrus tenebrioides
Oscinella frit
Meromyza saltatrix
Scotia segetum
Melolontha melolontha
Angunia tritici
Macrosiphum graminum
Cereal ground beetle
Frit fly
Wheat stem maggot
Turnip moth
Common cockchafer
Wheat seed gall nematode
Grain aphid
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
66
Wheat pests
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Winter pests
Microtus arvalis
Common vole
Haplothrips tritici
Wheat trips
Spring pests
Scotia segetum
Turnip moth
Cephus pygmaeus
Wheat stem sawfly
Eurygaster austriaca
Wheat shield bug
Aelia acuminata
Bishop’s mitre shield bug
Oulema melanopus, O. gallaeciana Cereal leaf beetles
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
67
Wheat pests
• Spring pests
• Zabrus tenebrioides
•
•
•
•
•
Cereal
ground beetle
Contarinia tritici
Wheat blossom midge
Rhopalosiphum padi
Bird cherry aphid
Macrosiphum graminum Grain aphid
Angunia tritici
Wheat seed
gall nematode
Anisoplia spp.
Wheat chafers
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
68
Wheat pests – Autumn pests
1. Cereal ground beetle (Zabrus tenebrionides)
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
69
Wheat pests – Autumn pests
1. Cereal ground beetle (Zabrus tenebrionides)
• Damage: Larvae burrow into soil, pulling down and eating
shoots from October to May
• Damage is greater in autumn if the weather is humid, despite
in spring
• Autumn damage is bigger
• Spring damage is not so big, because the plant is more
developed
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
70
Wheat pests – Autumn pests
1. Cereal ground beetle
(Zabrus tenebrionides)
• Adult beetles feed on
cereal ears before harvest
and on spilt grain and
stubble re-growths
• Damage is worst in allcereal rotations and with
minimal cultivations. A noncereal break crop or early
ploughing will provide good
control
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
71
Wheat pests – Autumn pests
1. Cereal ground beetle (Zabrus tenebrionides)
• Biology:
• One generation per year
• Overwinters as a larva
• Adults occurs from May
• Eggs laid into the surface of the soil
• Control:
• Crop rotation
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
72
Wheat pests – Autumn pests
1. Cereal ground beetle (Zabrus tenebrionides)
• Adult and larva with typically damaged leaves
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
73
Wheat pests – Autumn pests
1. Cereal ground beetle (Zabrus tenebrionides)
• Adults can be monitored with pitfall traps
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
74
Wheat pests – Autumn pests
2. Frit fly (Oscinella frit)
• There are six species of wheat flies in Hungary
• Frit fly is the most important
• Host plants include:
- wheat
- barley
- maize
- rye
- oat
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
75
Wheat pests – Autumn pests
2. Frit fly (Oscinella frit)
• Damage:
• In spring sown oat: blind, withered spikelets
• In corn: plants stop developing, leaves curling
• Wheat: The main shoot become yellow in autumn damage
• The larva burrows into the central shoot and causes
‘deadheart’ symptoms
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
76
Wheat pests – Autumn pests
2. Frit fly (Oscinella frit)
• Biology:
• There are three generations a year (2 in autumn, 1 in spring)
• Third generation is the most dangerous
• Larvae overwinters in the shoots
• Eggs laid onto the plants (cereals)
• Second generation is a maize pest as well (May)
• Control:
• No effective chemical control method
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
77
Wheat pests – Autumn pests
3. Wheat seed gall nematode (Anguina tritici)
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
78
Wheat pests – Autumn pests
3. Wheat seed gall nematode
(Anguina tritici)
• Only a wheat pest
• Avoid monoculture
• Damage:
• Plants are twisted, deformated,
become purple
• Brown galls in the spikes
• Anabiosis: from the galls the
larvae can occur after several
years
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
79
Wheat pests – Autumn pests
3. Wheat seed gall nematode (Anguina tritici)
• Biology:
• One generation per year
• Larvae overwinters in the galls or in the plant
• Seeking the plant with active movement, where moisture is
important
• Passive movement in the plant inside to the spikes
• Control:
• Crop rotation
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
80
Wheat pests – Autumn pests
4. Aphids (Aphididae)
• Grain aphid (Schizaphis graminum)
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
81
Wheat pests – Autumn pests
4. Aphids (Aphididae)
• Bird-cherry aphid (Rhophalosiphum padi)
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
82
Wheat pests – Autumn pests
4. Aphids (Aphididae)
• Autumn and spring pests as well
• Spring damage is more significant in the recent years
• Damage:
• Direct damage: Withdrawing the sap from the leaves, the
leaves are curling, produces honeydew, where black sooty
mold (Cladosporium herbarum) usually occurs
• Indirect damage: It is more significant, as vectors of Barley
yellow dwarf virus. These aphids often provides the primary
source of BYDV infection in early sown winter cereals
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
83
Wheat pests – Autumn pests
4. Aphids (Aphididae)
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
84
Wheat pests – Autumn pests
4. Aphids (Aphididae)
• Biology:
• 10-15 generations per year
• Overwinters in woody plants or herbaceous plants as an egg
• Asexual forms not mating, reproducing by ovoviviparae
• Control:
• Spraying with systemic insecticides
• Can be made in autumn and spring as well
• Insecticide applications should be applied when aphids reach
treatment levels
• Heavy rainfall and natural parasitism will significantly reduce
aphid populations, so these factors should be considered
before applying insecticide applications
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
85
Wheat pests – Autumn pests
5. Other autumn pests
• Common vole
• Turnip moth – cutworm
• Chafer grubs
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
86
Wheat pests – Spring pests
1. Wheat bugs
• Eurygaster austriaca
Wheat shield bug
Copyright:
photographersdirect.com
Aelia acuminata
Bishop’s mitre shield bug
Copyright: eol.org
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
87
Wheat pests – Spring pests
1. Wheat bugs
• Adults and larvae are both causing
damage
• Sucking the stems, causing whitening or
even death of the stem
• Also sucking on young kernels and semiripened grains
• Quality of the grain decreases
• Depressed germination ability
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
88
Wheat pests – Spring pests
1.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Wheat bugs
Biology:
One generation per year
Adults overwinters under fallen leaves
14 eggs/female are laid onto the underside of the leaves
Hibernation starts from June
Control:
Insecticide spraying
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
89
Wheat pests – Spring pests
2. Cereal leaf beetles
• Blue leaf beetle – Oulema gallaeciana
• Red throated leaf beetle –
Oulema melanopus
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
90
Wheat pests – Spring pests
2. Cereal leaf beetles
• Biology:
• Adults overwinters
• 1 generation per year
• Fly to corn in June
• Following emergence, beetles feed,
mate and lay eggs for approximately
six weeks
• 100-400 eggs are laid per female.
Larvae emerge from the egg and
feed on the upper leaf surface
without fully perforating the lower
leaf surface
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
91
Wheat pests – Spring pests
2. Cereal leaf beetles
• Larvae have the interesting habit of covering their body with
fecal matter which is thought to protect the larvae from
desiccation and predation
• Larvae pass through four larval instars before leaving the plant
to pupate in cocoons made of mixing their saliva with earth
1.25 to 5 cm deep (red-throated) or in wheat kernels (blue
cereal leaf beetle)
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
92
Wheat pests – Spring pests
2. Cereal leaf beetles
• Adults emerge shortly after (15-20 d) and begin to feed on
available crops or wild hosts. Adult feeding is characterized as
between vein and completely perforating the leaf tissue
• Damage from cereal leaf beetle is apparent when the tips of
leaves turn white and the leaves develop white stripes or slits
where the beetle has consumed a strip. A field with extensive
damage will look frosted or whitewashed
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
93
Wheat pests – Spring pests
3. Wheat chafers
• Anisoplia lata
• Anisoplia austriaca
• Anisoplia agricola
• Anisoplia segetum
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
94
Wheat pests – Spring pests
3. Wheat chafers (Anisoplia spp.)
• Damage:
• Beetle larvae feed on rotted plant residues in soil and when
live plants are present, they eat their root system.
• The main damage is done by the beetles simply feeding on
grain, converting it into low-value residues and also a lot of
grain is knocked out from ears into soil
• Biology:
• Two years life cycle
• Larvae and adults overwinters in the soil
• Eggs laid on the soil at the end of June
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
95
Wheat pests – Spring pests
3. Wheat chafers (Anisoplia spp.)
• Control:
• Soil sterilization against larvae
• Spraying against adults – only if extremely great numbers are
present
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
96
Wheat pests – Spring pests
4. Wheat stem sawfly (Cephus pygmaeus)
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
97
Wheat pests – Spring pests
4. Wheat stem sawfly (Cephus pygmaeus)
• Most dangerous in monoculture
• Flight of adults begin in May
• Adults prefer well-developed stems with thick and hollow
culms for oviposition
• Larva lives inside the stem, feeding on tissues around fiberous
vascular bundles
• After completion of feeding, the larva saws stem from inside at
the height of a few centimeters above tillering node, plugs the
stem up with a cork made of sawdust, and weaves a thin,
semi-translucent, waterproof cocoon, where it overwinters
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
98
Wheat pests – Spring pests
4. Wheat stem sawfly (Cephus pygmaeus)
• Cold and snowy winters result in a higher
mortality of overwintering larvae (50% or
more)
• Control measures include stubbling and
deep autumn plowing-in of stubble;
harvesting as early as possible; two-phase
harvesting of wheat with a close cut; use
of resistant varieties with "filled" stems;
and growing of less susceptible crops
(oats, millet).
• Treatment by chemicals during the period
of adult flight is ineffective
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
99
Wheat pests – Spring pests
5. Wheat blossom midges – Contarinia tritici, Sitodiplosis
mosellana
• Contarinia tritici and Sitodiplosis mosellana are the most
important pests
• The larvae of Contarinia tritici feed on the floral parts of
wheat, preventing pollination and development of the grain
• The larvae of Sitodiplosis mosellana feed on the developing
grain, resulting in reduced grain size and milling/baking
qualities
• In most seasons and regions, damage is slight. However, S.
mosellana in particular can cause serious losses in northern
Europe
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
10
Wheat pests – Spring pests
5. Wheat blossom midges – Contarinia tritici, Sitodiplosis
mosellana
• Biology:
• One generation per year, larvae overwinters
• Eggs laid on the kernels of wheat
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
10
Wheat pests – Spring pests
5. Wheat blossom midges – Contarinia tritici, Sitodiplosis
mosellana
Copyright: www.inra.fr
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
10
Wheat pests – Spring pests
6. Other spring pests
• Wheat thrips (Haplothrips tritici)
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
10
II. Corn pests
Corn cultivation
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Corn is one of the most important cultivated plants in Hungary
1,1 – 1,2 million hectares
Around 25% of the field crops
The easiest cultivating method
Well profitable
Spacing: 75x18-20 cm
Sowing: April (usually same time of blackthorn blossom)
10oC soil degree is needed
Seed treatment
Harvest from September to November, ideal is October
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
10
Corn pests – During the whole vegetation
• Soil borne pests:
• Grubs, wireworms
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
10
Corn pests – During the whole vegetation
• Soil borne pests:
• Wireworm damage:
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
10
Corn pests – During the whole vegetation
• Wireworms are attracted to the carbon dioxide from
germinating seeds
• They are active in the root zone
• They can weaken or kill emerged seedlings by : (1) Feeding on
tender young roots (2) Boring into the base of corn plants
below ground (3) Drilling upward into stalks of larger corn
plants.
• Porous well drained loam soils are more likely to be infested
with wireworms than are heavy clay soils
• Wireworm populations are not uniformly distributed:
damaged corn plants may be found next to healthy plants
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
10
Corn pests – During the whole vegetation
• White grubs have a 3-year life cycle and spend two
consecutive seasons pruning roots and eating organic matter
in the soil
• Chewing results in aboveground stunting and wilting
• Leaf tips occasionally turn purple
• Control:
• Seed treatment protects only the seed and will not protect the
seedling following germination
• The damage of wireworms are the biggest in corn fields
• Crop rotation
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
10
Corn pests – During germination
1. Turnip moth – cutworm (Scotia segetum)
• The larvae are nocturnal feeders, hiding in shadow burrows
or under soil clods during the day
• Damage: (1) Plants cut a tor just above the soil surface, (2)
purplish, lodged plants cut below ground (3) Wilting or dead
plants
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
11
Corn pests – During germination
• Birds – Pheasant, rook
• Birds will dig around a seedling with their bill
• During the reproductive stages of corn development,
blackbirds peel the husks from the tip of the ear back towards
the base in very thin strips
• The damage of pheasant concentrated only to the field edges
• There is no available control method as the earlier seed
treatments are forbidden now
Copyright: bbc.co.uk
Copyright: rspb.org.uk
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
11
Corn pests – During one-four leaf stage
• Weevils
• Adults are pests, which damages the leaves of corn at 2-4 leaf
stage (April- May)
• They consume leaves margins and destroy apical meristems.
Control measures include limiting maize production to 2 or
less years in a crop rotation. Maize and sunflower are
necessary to alternate with cereals in crop rotation
• They have chewing mouthparts on a
"beak" or snout
• Adults are more dangerous during
the early phase of development shoot,
larvae feeds on roots
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
11
Corn pests – During one-four leaf stage
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Maize leaf weevil, Sugar-beet weevil
They have 1 generation per year
Adults overwintering 20-40 cm deep in the soil
Occurs at early April
Feeds until late May
Eggs are placed on the soil
Adults able to fly just above 20oC
Moving mostly by walking
Biggest damage on field edges
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
11
Corn pests – During one-four leaf stage
• Black weevil (Psalidium maxillosum), Beet-leaf weevil
(Tanymecus palliatus)
• Both species have two years life cycle
• Overwinters as a larva and an adult (2nd year)
• Unable to fly
• Larvae feeds on smaller roots, adults on young leaves
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
11
Corn pests – During one-four leaf stage
• Barley frit fly (Oscinella frit)
• Main damage caused in
wheat, barley and oat fields
• The larva burrows into the
central shoot and may cause
deadheart symptoms in
wheat fields
• Overwinters as a larva in
wheat shoots
• 3 generations per year
• 1st or 2nd generation occurs
in corn
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
11
Corn pests – During one-four leaf stage
• Barley flea beetle (Phyllotreta vittula)
Copyright: www.agroatlas.ru
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
11
Corn pests – During one-four leaf stage
• Corn is the favourit host plant of the pest
• Monovoltine; inhabits wild cereals everywhere
• Flight begins at an average daily temperature of 5 degrees
Celsius
• Warm and dry conditions in summer are favorable for the
pest; but prolonged and cold springs decrease population.
Adults hibernate after additional feeding in forests, ravines,
and forest belts
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
11
Corn pests – During one-four leaf stage
•
•
•
•
•
•
Overwintered adults occurs in March
Feeding on weed plants first
Eggs deposited on the soil surface
Larvas hatches in April, adults fly in May
These adults feeding on the leaves of corn plants
As a result of global warming, hybernating starts later, at mid
summer – longer damage period
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
11
Corn pests – During one-four leaf stage
• Cereal leaf beetles – Oulema spp.
Copyright:
species.wikimedia.org
Red-throated cereal leaf beetle
(Oulema melanopus)
Copyright: biolob.cz
Blue leaf beetle (Oulema
gallaeciana)
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
11
Corn pests – During one-four leaf stage
•
•
•
•
•
•
Cereal leaf beetles – Oulema spp.
More important damage on wheat
Adults overwinters
1 generation per year
Fly to corn in June
Damage from cereal leaf beetle is apparent when the tips of
leaves turn white and the leaves develop white stripes or slits
where the beetle has consumed a strip. A field with extensive
damage will look frosted or whitewashed
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
12
Corn pests – During intensive growth
• Aphids – Aphididae
• Pest status: Common insects, rarely economic pests
• Life cycle: During the summer, all aphids are female and do not
need to mate to reproduce; females produce live young
(parthenogenesis).
• Multiple overlapping generations
• Type of damage: Sucks plant sap from leaves, removing water
and nutrients. In heavy infestations, honeydew secretions may
result in sticky leaves, whorls, and tassels, inhibiting pollen
shed and weakening plants
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
12
Corn pests – During intensive growth
• Aphids – Aphididae
1. Corn leaf aphid
(Rhopalosiphum maidis)
2. Bird cherry-oat aphid
(Rhopalosiphum padi)
• Feeds on leaves or tassels
and silks
• Yellow mottling, wilting
and curling on leaves
• 10-15 generations,
overwinters as an egg
• Vector of maize dwarf
mosaic virus
Copyright:
extension.iastate.edu
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
12
Corn pests – From tasseling
• European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis)
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
12
Corn pests – From tasseling
• European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis)
• Pest status: Common insect. Outbreaks in some years and at
some location
• Life cycle: Mature larvae overwinter in corn stubble, debris
and soil, pupate occurs in late spring
• Adult moths emerge in May.
• Females lay eggs of the
1st generation on the
undersides of corn
leaves
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
12
Corn pests – From tasseling
• European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis)
• Eggs hatch within 5-7 days, larvae feed on the leaves or in the
whorl
• Mature larvae tunnel into stalk to complete development. 1st
generation adults emerge, mate, and females lay 2nd
generation eggs. 2nd generation larvae bore into the stalk, ear
shank, and ear
Copyright:
nematode.unl.edu
Copyright: nwnyteam.org
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
12
Corn pests – From tasseling
• European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis)
• Type of damage: 1st Generation = Shot holing in the leaves by
feeding on the whorl, then tunneling into stalk
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
12
Corn pests – From tasseling
• European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis)
• 2nd generation (only in middle and southern part of
Hungary)= Larvae tunnel into the stalk, shank, and ear. Stalk
tunneling weakens plant, disrupts water flow, and creates
entry wounds for stalk rot fungus (Fusarium)
• Management:
• Forecasting: light traps
• Control: Chitin synthesis inhibitor: diflubenzuron – active
agent
• Control against moths and corn rootworm are aggregated
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
12
Corn pests – From tasseling
• European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis)
• Typical damage:
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
12
Corn pests – From tasseling
• European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis)
• Larva inside the stem:
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
12
Corn pests – From tasseling
• Western Corn Rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera)
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
13
Corn pests – From tasseling
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Western Corn Rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera)
Greatest problems in seed corn
Come from USA in 1992, since 1995 in Hungary
Monoculture (20%) → crop rotation (80%)
Overwinter as eggs in the soil
Egg hatch, end of May
Adults swarming begin, end of June
Adult damage
Adults: feeding on silks, also on leaves, and soft kernels
Harm: silks are clipped shorter than 2,5 cm before pollination
occurs and if adults are still active
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
13
Corn pests – From tasseling
• Western Corn Rootworm
(Diabrotica virgifera virgifera)
• Larval damage:
• Small larvae feed inside root hairs,
tips
• Larger larvae feed on large roots,
and can severely prune entire
nodes of roots
• Root loss leads to plant stress from
poor water and nutrient uptake
• Poor root formation also leads to
lodging of plants, harvest problems
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
13
Corn pests – From tasseling
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Western Corn Rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera)
Control:
Larvae: Soil sterilization with sowing, seed treatment
Larvae hatches one month after sowing
By this time insecticides are not effective enough
Adult: damages for a long period, multiple control is needed
Forecasting:
Egg washing method
Swarming, trap
Pheromone traps
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
13
Corn pests – From tasseling
• Cotton bollworm/Corn earworm (Helicoverpa armigera)
• Damage: usually feeds on the generative parts of plants
(flowers, fruits, seeds)
• 2-3 generation per year
• The pupa can overwinter under hungarian conditions,
diapausing from September
Copyright: ozanimals.com
Copyright: photoshelter.com
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
13
Corn pests – From tasseling
• Cotton bollworm/Corn earworm (Helicoverpa armigera)
• The tiny, white eggs are laid singly on the foliage and fresh
corn silk, which is the favorite site for egg deposition
• Larvae feed on leaves, tassels, the whorl, and within ears, but
the ears are the preferred sites for corn
earworm attack
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
13
Corn pests – From tasseling
• Cotton bollworm/Corn earworm (Helicoverpa armigera)
• Young larvae feed on corn silks, clipping them off
• Shortly thereafter, they bore into the ear where they remain,
feeding in the tip area until they exit to pupate in the soil
• Eggs hatch in 5 to 7 days following oviposition
• Once larvae enter the corn ears, control with insecticides is
difficult
• Forecasting with pheromone traps
• Treatments should be timed to coincide with egg hatch
• Direct insecticidal control towards young larvae that are
feeding on the exposed ear tips
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
13
Corn pests – From tasseling
• Cotton bollworm/Corn earworm (Helicoverpa armigera)
• In sweet corn, where tolerance for worm damage is low,
timing of insecticide treatments is critical: begin treatments
during silking stage, at the start of egg hatch
• Before silking stage no control is needed, even at high
pheromone trap catches
• Treatments are usually not needed on field or silage corn
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
13
Corn pests – From tasseling
• Mammal pests
• European hamster
• Wild boar
• Deers
Copyright:
www.huntinginhungary.com
Copyright:
www.huntinginhungary.com
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
13
Corn pests – From tasseling
•
•
•
•
Mammal pests
Causing great harm when corn matures
Feeds on corn ears and kernels
European badger:
Chewing the corn ears
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
13
III. Sunflower pests
Sunflower pests
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Soil borne pests
Grubs and wireworms feeding on the root system
Plants are tasseling, often die
Control:
Soil sterilizers
Vine chafer can damage the sunflowers’ foliage
Cutworms
2 generation per year, overwinters as a larva
Larvae chew off the base of the plants, or bore into the
sunflower stem
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
14
Sunflower pests
• From emergence to ten leaf stage
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Turnip moth – cutworm – Agrotis segetum
Weevils – See corn pests
Darkling beetle – Opatrum sabulosum
Tarnished plant bug - Lygus rugulipennis
Lucerne bug - Adelphocoris lineolatus
Birds – Pheasant, pigeons
Mammals – as usual in field crops
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
14
Sunflower pests
• During intensive growth
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Tarnished plant bug - Lygus rugulipennis
Lucerne bug - Adelphocoris lineolatus
Black bean aphid - Aphis fabae
Leafcurl plum aphid - Brachycaudus helichrysi
Spider mites – Tetranychidae
Onion thrips – Thrips tabaci
Larvae of noctuid moths – Noctuidae
Roe deer
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
14
Sunflower pests
• During reproductive stages
•
•
•
•
•
•
Tarnished plant bug - Lygus rugulipennis
Lucerne bug - Adelphocoris lineolatus
Sunflower moth - Homoesoma nebulellum
Cotton bollworm - Helicoverpa armigera
Corn rootworm - Diabrotica virgifera virgifera
Birds – Sparrow, pigeon
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
14
Sunflower pests – From emerge-ten leaf stage
• Weevils
• Young plants are damaged by the
adults
• They chew on the leaf margins,
when high numbers occurs, can
completely defoliate the plant
• Usually damaging in May
• Larvae develop in the rooting
system, without causing significant
damage
Copyright: www. agroatlas.ru
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
14
Sunflower pests – From emerge-ten leaf stage
• Weevils
• Damage:
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
14
Sunflower pests – From emerge-ten leaf stage
•
1.
2.
•
•
•
Mammals:
European hare (Lepus europeus)
Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus)
Damage:
Gnaw off the plants, treads down the field crops. Deer
damage is easily recognized because, lacking upper front
incisors, deer can only grind and chew with their molars. The
plants may be pulled out of the ground
After damaged sunflower can shoot again, but it branches
and the heads will be less.
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
14
Sunflower pests – From emerge-ten leaf stage
• Tarnished plant bug (Lygus rugulipennis)
Copyright: www.koleopterologie.de
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
14
Sunflower pests – From emerge-ten leaf stage
• Tarnished plant bug (Lygus
rugulipennis)
• Damage:
• The tarnished plant bug feed
preferentially on either the
developing reproductive organs or on
the apical meristematic and leaf
primordial tissue causing a necrosis
around the feeding site due to the
injection of enzymes. This tissue
destruction causes the brown spot on
the sunflower kernel and can also
result in a bitter taste to the seeds
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
14
Sunflower pests – From emerge-ten leaf stage
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Tarnished plant bug (Lygus rugulipennis)
Life cycle:
Two generation per year
Adults overwinters in litter
Occurs from May to September
Larvae are green, similar to adults, but wings lacking
Control:
Insecticide treatments with
pyrethroids have reduced
feeding damage by Lygus
bugs when applied at the
beginning of flowering
Copyright: www.insecte.org
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
15
Sunflower pests – From emerge-ten leaf stage
• Lucerne bug (Adelphocoris lineolatus)
• More dangerous than the tarnished plant bug
Copyright: www. flickr.com
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
15
Sunflower pests – From emerge-ten leaf stage
•
•
•
•
•
Lucerne bug (Adelphocoris lineolatus)
Adults and larvae feeding during the whole vegetation
Cause leaf curling in the young plants
Deformating the flowers, by sucking
Eggs are placed into the stems in a batch in an irregular
longitudinal row
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
15
Sunflower pests – During intensive growth
•
Aphids – Aphididae
1. Black bean aphid (Aphis fabae) – 1015 generations, eggs overwinters in
spindle bush
2. Leafcurl plum aphid (Brachycaudus
helichrysi) – 10-15 generations, eggs
overwinters in plum tree
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
15
Sunflower pests – During intensive growth
• Aphids – Aphididae
• Aphids sucking on the plants and
deformating the leaves
• Vectors of several viruses,
including CMV – Cucumber
mosaic virus
• Occurs from May
• Migrate back to woody plants in
September
• Control: Systemic insecticides, if
needed
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
15
Sunflower pests – During intensive growth
• Aphids – Aphididae
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
15
Sunflower pests – During intensive growth
• Onion thrips (Thrips tabaci)
• Worldwide pest with several host plants, including vegetables,
field crops, ornamentals
• Damage: Sucking damage, removal of chlorophyll causes the
feeding area to appear white to silvery in color. Areas of leaf
injury can occur as patches and streaks
• When feeding injury is severe,leaves take on a silvery cast and
can wither
• Vector of severe viruses
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
15
Sunflower pests – During intensive growth
•
•
•
•
Spider mites – Tetranychidae
Occasional pests
Feeding on the underside of the leaves
Can be introduced to the field from the orchards nearby, with
the help of wind
Copyright: www. ctahr.hawaii.edu
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
15
Sunflower pests – During intensive growth
• Diurnal noctuid moths – Noctuidae
1. Silver Y moth (Autographa gamma)
2. Shoulder-striped clover (Heliothis maritima)
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
15
Sunflower pests – During intensive growth
• Diurnal noctuid moths – Noctuidae
• There are two generations per year and overwinters as a pupa,
10-20 cm deep in the soil
• The first flight usually starts in Hungary in May, and the second
flight in August
• The eggs laid into the leaves of host plants. They move to the
soil for overwintering in September
• The silver Y moth never overwinters in Hungary, it is a migrant
moth, usually overwinters in South Europe.
• Control:
• Chemical: Against young larvae, feeding on the leaves
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
15
Sunflower pests – During reproductive stages
• Cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera)
Copyright: www. sciencedaily.com
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
16
Sunflower pests – During reproductive stages
• Cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera)
• Damage:
• Usually feeds on the generative part of the plants, includes
flowers, seeds etc.
• The larva damage the head of the sunflower, can cause 3050% damage
• Young larvae can feed on the foliage
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
16
Sunflower pests – During reproductive stages
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera)
Biology:
In Hungary there are 2-3 generations per year
The pupa is able to overwinter in Hungary.
The first flight occurs at the end of May, the second in July,
while the third in September. The eggs laid into the backstroke
of the leaves. The diapausing start at the end of September.
Forecasting:
Sex pheromone traps
Control:
Spraying is not always effective due to the undercover life of
the larvae. They cause harm on the generative parts – timing
of spray. Damaged parts are entry hole for fungal diseases
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
16
Sunflower pests – During reproductive stages
• Sunflower moth (Homoesoma nebulellum)
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
16
Sunflower pests – During reproductive stages
• Sunflower moth (Homoesoma nebulellum)
• Nowadays is a minor pest due to the developed morphological
resistance – phytomelan layer thickness in seeds
• Biology:
• 2-3 generations per year, larvae overwinters is the soil
• Eggs are deposited on the surface of open sunflower heads.
First instars feed primarily on pollen. Second instars feed on
pollen, and may burrow through the corolla to feed on pollen
inside disk flowers. Feeding by third instars may sever the style
and prevent the ovary from being fertilized, resulting in empty
seeds.
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
16
Sunflower pests – During reproductive stages
• Sunflower moth (Homoesome nebulellum)
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
16
Sunflower pests – During reproductive stages
• Sunflower moth (Homoesome
nebulellum)
• Third instars also begin feeding on
ovaries. Larval feeding until maturity
results in an average of about 96
damaged disk flowers and about 23
damaged ovaries per larva. As they feed,
larvae spin a webbing over the face of
the sunflower head. The accumulated
debris in the larval webbing and damage
caused by larval feeding predispose the
head to Rhizopus infection. Mature
larvae move to the ground where they
spin overwintering cocoons
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
16
Sunflower pests – During reproductive stages
• Sunflower moth (Homoesoma nebulellum)
• Control:
• A number of tachinid and hymenopteran parasitoids attack the
sunflower moth and aid in its control, but other methods are
often needed
• Sunflower is usually attacked by second (and sometimes third)
generations, coming from surrounding Asteraceae weeds
• Can be forecasted with pheromone traps
• Resistance breeding is the best
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
16
IV. Rapeseed pests
Rapeseed pests
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Two-four leaf stage pests (in September)
Turnip Sawfly (Athalia rosae)
Mustard Sawfly (Athalia glabricollis)
Cabbage steam flea beetle (Psylloides chrysocephala)
Cabbage flea beetles (Phyllotreta species)
aphids
Cabbage Aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae)
Turnip Moth (Agrotis segetum = Scotia segetum)
Silver Y Moth (Autographa gamma)
Diamondback moth (Plutella maculipennis)
soilborne pests (white grubs, wireworms)
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
16
Rapeseed pests
• Pests of stem elongation stage (in March)
• Cabbage Stem Weevil
(Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus = C. quadridens)
• Cabbage Seed Weevil
(Ceutorhynchus obstrictus = C. assimilis)
• Rape Stem Weevil
(Ceutorhynchus napi)
• Black Turnip Ceutorhynchus
(Ceutorhynchus picitarsis)
• Rutabaga Barid
(Baris coerulescens)
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
17
Rapeseed pests
• Pests from stem elongation to „yellow bud” stage (in April)
• Green-veined White
(Pieris napi)
• Cabbage White
(Pieris rapae)
• Large White
(Pieris brassicae)
• Pollen beetles
(Meligethes spp.)
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
17
Rapeseed pests
• Pests of the flowering stage (in May)
• Pod Gall Midge
(Dasyneura brassicae)
• Blossom Feeder
(Tropinota hirta = Epicometis hirta)
• Hawthorn Alleculid Beetle
(Omophlus proteus)
• leaf hoppers
(Auchenorrhyncha)
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
17
Rapeseed pests
• Turnip sawfly – Athalia rosae
• Adult emerges in May and June
• After feeding, the females laterally incise the leaves and
deposit their eggs one by one in the small chambers. Females
laid approximately 300 eggs
• Larvae feed on the leaves. At 20°C, they consume twice their
own weight in 24 hours. Pupation occurs after 10 to 13 days in
the upper layers of the ground at a depth of 1 to 5 cm, inside a
cocoon.
• The final larval stage hibernates underground in a cocoon.
Copyright: sv.wikipedia.org
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
17
Rapeseed pests
• Cabbage Steam Flea beetle - Psylliodes chrysocephala
• Young adult appears in May-June
• After 10 to 15 days, the female starts to lay eggs. It stops when
the temperature falls below 0°C, and starts again at the end of
the winter. Total fecundity 70 to 150 eggs.
• After larvae hatching, it penetrates the plant by the upper
surface of the petiole of one of the oldest leaves
• Pupation occurs in the ground
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
17
Rapeseed pests
• Cabbage flea beetles - Phyllotreta spp.
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
17
Rapeseed pests
• Cabbage flea beetles - Phyllotreta spp.
• Overwintered adults are usually active in the fields until late
June, feeding on the foliage and depositing their eggs in the
soil
• The larvae can be found in the root zone of host plants during
June and July
• The pupal stage occurs from early to mid-July
• The new generation are present from late July to early
September
• They can be found feeding on cultivated cruciferous crops and
weeds
• The summer generation will move to overwintering sites in
late autumn.
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
17
Rapeseed pests
Cabbage flea beetles - Phyllotreta spp.
• One generation per year
• They emerge from the overwintering sites during early spring
when temperature is above of 5 Celsius degree
• Overwintered adults feed on seedling cruciferous host plants.
Summer adults feed on the pods of oilseed rape, mustard and
other cruciferous crops and weeds
• Damage:
• Adult attacks rape seedlings and can totally destroy the crop.
The plants attacked by the larvae become bushy and stunted.
Maturity is irregular and the yield is reduced
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
17
Rapeseed pests
• Cabbage Aphid - Brevicoryne
brassicae
• Insects form big colonies, reaching
large numbers when flowering
• Spring larvae hatch at the daily
average temperature 7-8°C.
• There are 6-8 generations a year
• At high insect numbers, the yield
may decrease by 34-62%
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
17
Rapeseed pests
• Cabbage Seed Weevil - Ceutorhynchus obstrictus
• Overwintered adults appear in April after average daily
temperature reaches 7–8°C
• At first, the beetles appear on wild crucifers; later they migrate
to cruciferous cultures
• Adults feed on stems, pedicles, buds, gnawing small cavities
• Oviposition continues from the 2nd half of May to the end of
June
• Fertility is about 40-150 eggs
• Main damage occurs during larval stage
• Pupation occurs in the soil
• Adults hibernate
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
17
Rapeseed pests
•
•
•
•
Cabbage Stem Weevil - Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus
One generation in a year
Adults overwinter in leaf litter
Eggs are laid into the petiole of the upper leaves. Larval
development requires 25–35 days in May
• Larva consumes the tissues of the petioles and the stem.
• The fully developed larva drops itself on the ground, enters
the soil and pupates
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
18
Rapeseed pests
•
•
•
•
•
Rape Stem Weevil - Ceutorhynchus napi
One generation per year
The adult hibernates in the soil of rape fields
Egg-laying begins 10 to 20 days after the first emergence
There are 3 larval instars which last 30 to 40 days on winter
rape
• It feeds on the stem pith; having reached maturity, it leaves
through an exit hole formed in the stem level with the petiole
of a low leaf and buries itself to pupate into the soil
• The damage is essentially caused by egg laying. The presence
of the egg in the stem induces a cancer
• Secondary organism, such as Phoma can occur
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
18
Rapeseed pests
• Rape Stem Weevil - Ceutorhynchus napi
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
18
Rapeseed pests
• Common Pollen Beetle - Meligethes aeneus
• Fecundity: 250 eggs; but there is high level of adult mortality
• Oviposition begins towards the end of March or beginning of
April
• Adults enters to overwinter in sheltered situations by the end
of July
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
18
Rapeseed pests
•
•
•
•
Common Pollen Beetle - Meligethes aeneus
Damage:
Damage is caused by the pollinivorous adults
Prior to flowering, the adults bite holes into the buds to reach
the stamens and feed on the pollen
• Once flowering has begun, the beetle eats the now freshly
available pollen and damage is negligible
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
18
V. Alfalfa pests
Alfalfa pests
• Alfalfa cultivation
• Alfalfa is usually cultivated for 2-4 years
• Cultivation is recommended due to nitrogen fixation of alfalfa
on the soil
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
18
Alfalfa pests
• Soil borne pests
• Soil borne pests occurs during the whole vegetation, but
doesn’t cause significant damage in alfalfa
• The problem is, that in alfalfa these pests can pile up very well
– cause harm in the next plant culture
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
18
Alfalfa pests
• Winter and early spring pests
• Sitona spp. – Sitona weevils
• Otiorrhynchus ligustici- Alfalfa
Snout Beetle
• Microtus arvalis – Common vole
• Spring pests
• Weevils – See: Corn and sunflower
pests
• Lygus spp. – Lygus bugs
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
18
Alfalfa pests
•
•
•
•
•
Pests of intensive growth
Soil borne pests – Grubs, wireworms
Sitona weevils
Phytodecta fornicata – Lucerne leaf beetle
Subcoccinella vigintiquatuorpunctata –
alfalfa lady beetle
• Phytonomus variablis – Alfalfa weevil
• Lygus spp. – Lygus bugs
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
18
Alfalfa pests
•
•
•
•
•
Pests of intensive growth
Acyrtosiphon pisum – pea aphid
Noctuidae – Diurnal noctuid moths
Plagionotus floralis – lucerne longicorn
Microtus arvalis - common vole
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
19
Alfalfa pests
• Seed pests:
•
•
•
•
Contarinia medicaginis – Lucerne flower midge
Adelphocoris lineolatus – Lucerne plant bug
Tychius flavus – Lucerne seed weevil
Bruchophagus roddi – Alfalfa seed chalcid
• Pod pests:
• Heliothis maritima - Shoulder-striped Clover
• Helicoverpa armigera – Cotton bollworm
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
19
Alfalfa pests
• Common vole (Microtus arvalis)
• 6-8 litter per year, with 3 to 8 juveniles
• They haven’t got winter sleep, and cause harm at wintertime
as well
• Alfalfa is accumulator area for them
• Feeds on green parts and with its holes enhance the negative
effect of winter frost
• Control with redentin from November to March
(chlorphacinone)
• Biological control: Establishing
„T“-standards for raptors
(predatory birds)
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
19
Alfalfa pests
• Lucerne longicorn beetle (Plagionotus floralis)
• Not an important pest
• The larva chews uprightly in the main root, causing yellowing
and death
• Adult is not a pest
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
19
Alfalfa pests
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Lucerne longicorn beetle (Plagionotus floralis)
Biology:
One generation per year
Larva overwinters in the main root
Adults occurs from May, they are pollen feeders
Eggs laid to the base of the plants in July
Larvae damaging from July to October
Copyright: www.flickr.com
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
19
Alfalfa pests
• Alfalfa snout beetle (Otiorhynchus ligustici)
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
19
Alfalfa pests
• Alfalfa snout beetle (Otiorhynchus ligustici)
• The larva of this pest can develop only in alfalfa roots
• Therefore this pest, however polyphagous mainly damaging
alfalfa
• Adults are unable to fly, so can occur only near alfalfa fields
Copyright: www.
pest.ceris.purdue.edu
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
19
Alfalfa pests
•
•
•
•
Alfalfa snout beetle (Otiorhynchus ligustici)
Damage:
Adults feeds on the leaves
Larvae causing wilting or even death, by chewing on the
rooting system
Copyright:
www.omafra.gov.on
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
19
Alfalfa pests
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Alfalfa snout beetle (Otiorhynchus ligustici)
Biology:
One generation per two year
Adults occurs from March
There are only females, reproduction by parthenogenesis
Eggs laid in May 1-2 cm deep in the soil near the plant
Larvae hatches in June and damaging the roots until
November, when overwinters
• In the next year larvae damaging till mid- summer, than
pupate in the soil
• Control against it is unnecessery
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
19
Alfalfa pests
• Sitona weevils (Sitona spp.)
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
19
Alfalfa pests
•
•
•
•
Sitona weevils (Sitona spp.)
They are damaging all legumin plants (pea, bea, soybean)
Adults causing U-like damage in the leaves
Larvae feeds on the roots - causing no important damage
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
20
Alfalfa pests
• Sitona weevils (Sitona spp.)
• Biology:
• Adults are early emerging from the soil and damaging plants
from March to June
• Only one generation per year and overwintering as an adult
• Larvae damaging in summer
• Than adults emerge again and feeds till hibernation
• Spring damage is more significant
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
20
Alfalfa pests
• Lucerne leaf beetle (Phytodecta fornicata)
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
20
Alfalfa pests
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Lucerne leaf beetle (Phytodecta fornicata)
Adults and larvae are both pests
Biology:
One generation per year
Overwinters in adult stage
Adults flies in April
Eggs are laid in May
In the end of May development is completed, new adults
emerge, but starts hibernating without damaging the plants
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
20
Alfalfa pests
• Alfalfa lady beetle (Subcoccinella vigintiquatuorpunctata)
Copyright: www.flickr.com
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
20
Alfalfa pests
• Alfalfa lady beetle
(Subcoccinella
vigintiquatuorpunctata)
• 1-2 generation per year
• Adults overwinters
• First generation flies in April,
second in June
• Eggs are laid onto the underside
of the leaves
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
20
Alfalfa pests
• Alfalfa lady beetle
(Subcoccinella
vigintiquatuorpunctata)
• Adults and larvae are both
pests
• They feeds on the foliage,
rarely feeding on the flowers
• Leaves stay small and often
falling down
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
20
Alfalfa pests
• Alfalfa weevil (Phytonomus variablis)
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
20
Alfalfa pests
• Alfalfa weevil (Phytonomus variablis)
• Both adults and larvae are damaging the foliage of the plant
• The only weevil larva, which lives in the foliage
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
20
Alfalfa pests
•
•
•
•
•
•
Alfalfa weevil (Phytonomus variablis)
Biology:
1 generation per year
Adults overwinter
Adults occur from May, eggs are laid in June
Fully developed adults starts hibernating in July
Copyright:
www.insectimages.org
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
20
Alfalfa pests
• Pea aphid (Acyrtosiphon pisi)
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
21
Alfalfa pests
•
•
•
•
Pea aphid (Acyrtosiphon pisi)
Permitted to sow pea, near alfalfa field
Noxious pest of these two plant
They are sucking the plant sap, plants are dwarfing, seed
production decreases
• Vectors of lucerne mosaic virus
• 10-15 generation per year
• They can occur in pea and alfalfa as well, but overwintering
eggs are laid on the alfalfa only
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
21
Alfalfa pests
•
•
•
•
•
Lygus bugs (Lygus spp.)
Most dangerous in seed production
By sucking on the plant cause wilting
2-3 generation per year, eggs overwinters in the plant stem
Eggs are placed inside the stem
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
21
Alfalfa pests
• Lucerne flower midge (Contarinia medicaginis)
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
21
Alfalfa pests
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Lucerne flower midge (Contarinia medicaginis)
Larvae are flower pests
Flowers become galls due to their damage
Eggs are placed onto flowers
Larvae develops within two weeks
3 generation per year
Overwinters as a pupa
Copyright: www.inra.fr
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
21
Alfalfa pests
• Lucerne seed weevil (Tychius flavus)
Copyright: www.agroatlas.ru
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
21
Alfalfa pests
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Lucerne seed weevil (Tychius flavus)
Damage:
Adults and larvae are both pests
Larval damage is more important , because it feeds on the
seeds, which looses the germinating ability
Biology:
One generation / adults overwinters
Eggs are placed on the flowers
Larvae feeds on 3-4 seeds, during developing
Becomes pupa in August
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
21
Alfalfa pests
• Alfalfa seed chalcid (Bruchophagus roddi)
Copyright: www.agroatlas.ru
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
21
Alfalfa pests
• Alfalfa seed chalcid (Bruchophagus roddi)
• Only the larva is a pest
• 3-4 generations / larvae overwinters in the
soil
• Eggs are placed on the seeds
• Larvae developing inside the seeds, which
takes around one month
• Drop to the soil in August and
overwintering there
• Preventive technology: at seed harvest, do
not blow light fraction (containing
diapausing larvae) back to the field, from
the pneumatic separator of the combine
harvester.
Copyright: www.cals.uidaho.edu
Copyright: www.alfalfa.okstate.edu
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
21
VI. Pea pests
Pea pests
•
•
•
•
•
•
Pea cultivation
Pea is the cultivated plant, which requires the shortest time
Always sowed
Spacing: 12x3-5 cm
Sowed early in the season, sometimes in February
Harvested in late May or early June
Copyright: www.w3.mkk.szie.hu
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
22
Pea pests
•
•
•
•
Pests after sowing
Sitona weevils
Weevils (See corn and sunflower pests)
Birds (rook, pheasant)
Copyright: www.gunsandoutdoors.com
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
22
Pea pests
• Pests at 20 cm stage:
• Scotia segetum – turnip moth
• Pea aphid – Acyrtosiphon pisum
Copyright: www.myrmecos.wordpress.com
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
22
Pea pests
• Pests at intensive growth
• Diurnal noctuid moths - Noctuidae
• Pea aphid
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
22
Pea pests
•
•
•
•
•
•
Seed pests:
Kakothrips pisivorus - Pea thrips
Aoromius quinquepunctatus - Pea weevil
Laspeyresia nigricana – Pea moth
Etiella zinckenella – limabean pod borer
Bruchus pisorum – bruchid pea weevil
Copyright:
www.charlielepidopteraofcalderdale
.blogspot.com
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
22
Pea pests
• Mammal pests:
• European hare
• Roe deer
• Can cause great harm after emerging the plant, by chewing it
off
Copyright:www.enature.com
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
22
Pea pests
• Sitona weevils (Sitona spp.)
• Biology:
• Adults are erly emerging from the soil and damaging plants
from March to June
• Only one generation per year and overwintering as an adult
• Larvae damaging in summer
• Then adults emerge again and feeds till hibernation
• Spring damage is more significant
• Sitona weevils causes bigger harm in the pea than in alfalfa
• They are damaging the emerging, young plants
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
22
Pea pests
• Sitona weevils (Sitona spp.)
• Typical damage:
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
22
Pea pests
• Sitona weevils (Sitona spp.)
• Adult weevil:
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
22
Pea pests
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Pea aphid (Acyrtosiphon pisum)
Very important pest in pea
Only asexual forms are present in the pea
Sucking damage causes wilting, roting
They are virus vectors as well
When harvesting, females move back to alfalfa
Control:
Systemic insecticides
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
22
Pea pests
• Pea thrips (Kakothrips pisivorus)
Copyright: www.dwpicture.com.au
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
23
Pea pests
•
•
•
•
•
Pea thrips (Kakothrips pisivorus)
Larvae and adults sucking on the leaves and pods
White spots in the plants
Pods become smaller
Only 2-3 seeds in the pods (normal is 5-6)
Copyright: www.photoshelter.com
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
23
Pea pests
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Pea thrips (Kakothrips pisivorus)
Biology:
1 generation / year, overwinters as a larva
Adults occurs in May
Eggs are placed on the flowers
Before harvesting, at June, hibernation begins
Control:
Systemic insecticides has good efficiacy
Important to avoid natural enemies, including bugs, predatory
thrips, etc..
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
23
Pea pests
• Pea thrips (Kakothrips pisivorus)
• Typical damage:
Copyright: www.photoshelter.com,
sciencephotolibrary.com
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
23
Pea pests
• Pea weevil (Aoromius quinquepunctatus)
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
23
Pea pests
•
•
•
•
Pea weevil (Aoromius quinquepunctatus)
Larvae are more dangerous
They are feeds inside the seeds
Adults are pests of green parts, without causing important
damage
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
23
Pea pests
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Pea weevil (Aoromius quinquepunctatus)
Biology:
1 generation / year, adults overwinters
Occurs from April
Adults are long – living, until September
Eggs are placed on the pods in May – June
Larvae feeding inside the pods (2-3 larvae / pod)
Pupation takes place in the soil
Control:
The targeted stage should be the adult
Contact insecticides can be effective
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
23
Pea pests
• Pea weevil (Aoromius quinquepunctatus)
• Typical damage:
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
23
Pea pests
•
•
•
•
Pea bruchid weevil (Bruchus pisorum)
Adult has no significant damage
They emerge from April
Pupating inside the seeds
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
23
Pea pests
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Pea bruchid weevil (Bruchus pisorum)
Biology:
1 generation / year, overwinters as an adult
Eggs placed on the pods
Larvae chew into the seed – always one larva per seed
Developing inside the seed for 5-6 weeks
After pupation in a hole, emerging from the seed and starts
hibernating
• Control:
• Control in the store, with special gas active ingredients
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
23
Pea pests
• Pea bruchid weevil (Bruchus pisorum)
• Typical damage:
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
24
Pea pests
• Pea moth (Cydia nigricana), Limabean pod borer (Etiella
zinckenella)
Copyright: www.flickr.com
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
24
Pea pests
• Pea moth (Cydia nigricana), Limabean pod borer (Etiella
zinckenella)
• The two moth has similar damage, however selective
pheromone traps are available
• Larvae webbing inside the pods
• Biology:
• Larvae overwinters in the soil or in the surface of it
• Pea moth has 1, limabean pod borer has 2 generation per year
• Only the second generation of pod borer occurs in soybean
• They flies in June – July
• Eggs are placed on the pods
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
24
Pea pests
• Pea moth (Cydia nigricana), Limabean pod borer (Etiella
zinckenella)
• Typical damage:
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
24
Pea pests
• Pea moth (Cydia nigricana), Limabean pod borer (Etiella
zinckenella)
• Typical damage:
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
24
VII. Potato pests
Potato pests
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Soil borne pests
Common cockchafer – Melolontha melolontha
Wireworms
Potato cyst nematodes - Globodera rostochienis, G. pallida
Potato tuber nematode - Ditylenchus destructor
Common vole - Microtus arvalis
Turnip moth – Agrotis segetum
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
24
Potato pests
• Pests of green parts
• Colorado potato beetle - Leptinotarsa decemlineata
• Potato tuberworm moth - Gnorimoschema operculellum
(quarantine, not present at the moment)
• Peach-potato aphid - Myzus persicae
• Buckthorn aphid - Aphis nasturtii
• Potato leafhopper - Empoasca solani
• Black blister beetle - Epicauta rufidorsum
• Common vole - Microtus arvalis
• Wild boar - Sus scrofa
• Deers
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
24
Potato pests – Soil borne pests
• They are important, because
feeding on the edible parts of the
plants
• Grub damage: Damage appears as
large, shallow, irregular and ridged
gouges. Gouges are usually a
quarter to a half inch deep
running along the surface of the
tuber and not drilled into the
tuber as one would see with
wireworm holes
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
24
Potato pests – Soil borne pests
• Cutworm damage:
• Spotty damage on leaves and tubers
• Tunneling into tubers and feeding on young plants
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
24
Potato pests – Soil borne pests
• Cyst nematodes:
• They are quarantine pests
• Spreaded in Hungary after EU accession (due to the lack of
quarantine examinations in borders)
• If they are present, cultivating potato is not permitted for 15
years
• Males are eel-like, while females are bottle-like
• Mated female conformate to cyst, which is viable for 15-20
years
Copyright: www.rennes.infra.fr
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
25
Potato pests – Soil borne pests
• Cyst nematodes:
• Biology:
• One generation per year, overwinters
as a cyst
• A cyst consist of larvae and eggs
• If conditions are appropriate, larvae
occur from May and starts feeding on
the roots
• They are only potato pests
Copyright: www.montana.edu
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
25
Potato pests – Soil borne pests
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
25
Potato pests – Soil borne pests
• Cyst nematodes:
• Damage:
• The first symptoms of infestation are
typically poor plant growth,
chlorosis, and wilting. Heavy
infestations can lead to reduced root
systems, water stress, and nutrient
deficiencies, while indirect effects of
an infestation include premature
senescence and increased
susceptibility to fungal infections
Copyright: www.animalpictures archive.com
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
25
Potato pests – Soil borne pests
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Cyst nematodes:
Detection:
Soil sampling
Cyst washing
Petri-dish method
Control:
10-15 years crop rotation
Copyright: www.forestryimages.org
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
25
Potato pests – Soil borne pests
•
•
•
•
•
Potato tuber nematode:
Not only potato but a sugarbeet pest
It has 10-12 generations per year
Damage:
Early infections can be detected by peeling the tuber which
can reveal small, off-white spots in the otherwise healthy
flesh. These later enlarge, darken, are woolly in texture and
may be slightly hollow at the centre
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
25
Potato pests – Soil borne pests
• Potato tuber nematode:
• Description:
• Adults of D. destructor are minute worm-like animals, 0.8-1.4
mm in length and 23-47 μm in diameter. Considerable
morphometric variation occurs in adults according to their
host and/or age. Males and females are similar in general
appearance
Copyright: www.forestryimages.org
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
25
Potato pests – Soil borne pests
• Potato tuber nematode:
• Control:
• Treatment with soil-applied nematicides can provide a high
level of control but can be expensive
• Granulated nematicides such as carbofuran were reported to
be effective against the nematode
• Control by crop rotation is possible using non-host crops
• It is important to control weeds carefully because of the
polyphagous habit of D. destructor
• The use of nematode-free seed potatoes is an essential
component of any control programme
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
25
Potato pests – Soil borne pests
• Potato tuber nematode:
Copyright: www.nematode.unl.edu
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
25
Potato pests – Pests of green parts
• Colorado beetle:
• Present in Hungary from 1947
• Became the most dangerous potato pest
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
25
Potato pests – Pests of green parts
• Colorado beetle:
• Damage:
• They may also cause significant damage to tomatoes and
eggplants
• Both adults and larvae chewing on foliage and may completely
eliminate the crop
• Biggest damage is caused by the fourth instar larva and the
adult beetle (80%)
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
26
Potato pests – Pests of green parts
•
•
•
•
Colorado beetle:
Biology:
Two generations per year, overwinters as an adult
Colorado potato beetle females are very prolific; they can lay
as many as 800 eggs to the underside of the leaves
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
26
Potato pests – Pests of green parts
• Colorado beetle:
• Biology:
• As they are adopted to long day period, first generation lays
more eggs, than the second
• Adults occur from May, they are long-living – both generations
can be present
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
26
Potato pests – Pests of green parts
• Colorado beetle:
• The first through third instars each last
about 2-3 days; the fourth, 4-7 days
• Upon reaching full size, each fourth
instar spends an additional several days
as a non-feeding prepupa, which can be
recognized by its inactivity and lighter
coloration
• The prepupae drop to the soil and
burrow to a depth of several inches,
then pupate
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
26
Potato pests – Pests of green parts
•
•
•
•
•
•
Colorado beetle:
Control:
Resistence for several insecticides were reported
Young larvae should be the targeted group
Effective agents are neonictionoids
BT pesticides in biofarming as well
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
26
Potato pests – Pests of green parts
• Colorado beetle:
Serious damage
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
26
Potato pests – Pests of green parts
•
•
•
•
•
Peach-potato aphid – Myzus persicae:
Damage:
Big colonies sucking on host plants
Leaves become yellow, dwarfing, yield reducing
Indirect damage as virus vectors: Potato Y virus, Potato leafroll
virus
Copyright: www.photoshelter.com
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
26
Potato pests – Pests of green parts
• Peach-potato aphid – Myzus persicae:
• Biology:
• Overwinters as an egg in peach trees, where the 1-4
generations develop
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
26
Potato pests – Pests of green parts
• Peach-potato aphid – Myzus persicae:
• Biology:
• Winged forms migrate to potato, where sevaral more
generations develop
• In the potato only asexual forms are present, with ovovivipar
reproduction
Copyright: www.flickr.com
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
26
Potato pests – Pests of green parts
• Peach-potato aphid – Myzus persicae:
• In september migrate back to peach, where sexual
reproduction take place
• Forecasting with yellow pan trap
• Control:
• Systemic insecticides
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
26
Potato pests – Pests of green parts
• Potato leafhopper - Empoasca solani
• Become recently noxious due to the vector role of stolbur
phytoplasma
Copyright: www.shouragroup.com
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
27
Potato pests – Pests of green parts
•
•
•
•
Potato leafhopper - Empoasca solani
Damage:
Sucking on the underside of leaves
Withdrawing the sap from the cells – causing white pots
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
27
Potato pests – Pests of green parts
• Potato leafhopper - Empoasca
solani
• Biology:
• Overwinters as an adult
• 2-4 overlapping generations per
year
• Occurs from July to September in
potato
• Alfalfa and apple pests as well
• Control:
• Systemic insecticides
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
27
Potato pests – Pests of green parts
• Black blister beetle - Epicauta rufidorsum
• Occasionally pest
• Feeds on the foliage, without causing economically important
damage
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
27
VIII. Rice pests
Rice pests
• Rice cultivation
• In Hungary it decreased to a minimal level
• Now cultivated only in the Great Plain, near Szarvas
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
27
Rice pests
• Rice cultivation:
• Rice cultivation is well-suited to
countries and regions with low labor
costs and high rainfall, as it is very
labor-intensive to cultivate and
requires plenty of water for
cultivation
• Rice can be grown practically
anywhere, even on a steep hill or
mountain
Copyright: www.photoshelter.com
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
27
Rice pests
• Rice production
• World production of rice[27] has risen steadily from about 200
million tonnes of paddy rice in 1960 to over 600 million tonnes
in 2004
• In 2004, the top four producers were China (26% of world
production), India (20%), Indonesia (9%) and Bangladesh (5%)
Copyright: www.asianews.it
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
27
Rice pests
• Pests at germination
• Birds – pigeon, rook
Copyright:www.corkdudeing.blogspot.com
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
27
Rice pests
• Pests of underwater parts
• Horseshoe shrimp – Triops canciformis
• Buzzer midge - Chironomus plumosus
Copyright:www.flyforums.co.uk
Copyright:www.uimpi.net
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
27
Rice pests
•
•
•
•
•
•
Pests of green parts
Non-biting midge - Trichocladius (Cricotopus) bicinctus
Smaller rice leaf miner - Hydrellia griseola
Rice leaf nematoda - Aphelenchoides bessey
Brown china-mark - Nymphula nymphaeata
Sugarcane borer - Diatraea (Chilo) saccharalis
Copyright:www.us.ask.com
Copyright:www.bladmineerders.nl
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
28
Rice pests
•
•
•
•
•
•
Seed pests:
Birds
Common vole – Microtus arvalis
Birds usually feeds on badly sowed seeds
They may dig out the seeds from the soil
They also damages the ripening seeds
Copyright:www.madarlesen.blog.hu
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
28
Rice pests
•
•
•
•
•
Horseshoe shrimp – Triops canciformis
Damage:
They feeds on newly germinated plants
Also feeds on stems of more developed plants
Plant parts are visible, swimming everywhere in the field
Copyright:www.freeshop.web.de
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
28
Rice pests
• Horseshoe shrimp – Triops canciformis
• Biology:
• To complete their lives, tadpole shrimps depend on the
changing nature of the temporary waters they inhabit. During
the dry season (summer and fall), they stay inside the eggs. As
the pool fills with rainwater during the winter and spring, they
hatch and feed on fairy shrimps and other invertebrates. The
first larval stage (the metanauplius) is orange in color. It has a
single eye and six legs, and develops through instars (growth
stages
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
28
Rice pests
•
•
•
•
•
•
Horseshoe shrimp – Triops canciformis
Biology:
They have one generation per year
Eggs are able to hatch only after frost
Larvae hatch at May
Eggs are viable up to5-10 years
Copyright:www. harmoniamundimagazin.com
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
28
Rice pests
•
•
•
•
Horseshoe shrimp – Triops canciformis
Control:
Crop rotation
Rolling after sowing
Copyright:www. agroengineer.com
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
28
Rice pests
• Buzzer midge
• Damage:
• Larvae cause the damage, by chewing apart young plants up to
12 cm
• It is not a pest of rice, sowed into the soil
Copyright:www.sciencephotolibrary.com
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
28
Rice pests
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Buzzer midge
Biology:
3-4 generation per year
Overwinters as a larva in the soil
First generation flies from April
First and second generations are recommended as rice pests
Eggs are laid onto he water surface, later lower down
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
28
Rice pests
•
•
•
•
•
Buzzer midge
Red coloured larvae feeding for 5-6 weeks
They can reproduce only in standard waters
Control:
Water drainage
(Diatraea (Chilo) saccharalis
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
28
Thank you for your attention
Sipos Péter
Dr. Zsolt Marczali
Georgikon Kar
Növényvédelmi Intézet
AZ ELŐADÁS LETÖLTHETŐ:
-