Transcript Plant growth and development (2)

International
Horticulture & Marketing
Preparation for the Major
for 2nd year students
Beijing, October 2010
Albertien Kijne
[email protected]
Meetings 2nd year IHM students
1. Monday, 13.30-15.30 o’clock, room 2412
Lesson 1: Assignment 3 for IHM students
2. Tuesday, 19.00-21.00 o’ clock, room 2412
Lesson 2
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Wednesday, 8.00-12.00 o’ clock, room 2106
Your PPT presentations assignment 2
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Wednesday, 13.30-18.30 o’clock, bus
Excursion Xiao Tang Shan (XTS) company
3. Thursday, 19.00-21.00 o’ clock, room 2412
Lesson 3
4. Friday, 13.30-15.30 o’clock, room 2106
Lesson 4
Supporting lectures about
horticultural production
• Horticultural production; differences with arable
production
• Open air cultivation and protected cultivation
• Farming systems, especially related to
horticultural production
• Plant growth and development
• Pests and diseases (IPM)
• Quality and quality standards
• The value chain
Horticultural production;
Differences with arable production
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More capital intensive
More labour intensive
More knowledge intensive
More focus on individual plants (planting,
pruning, inspection for diseases,
harvesting)
• Mostly more perishable products: quick
and easy quality loss
• Product quality pays more
• Different ways of marketing
Question
What are the differences between horticultural
production and arable cropping regarding the
use of fertilizer, energy, crop protection agents,
waste management and water?
Horticulture: open air cultivation
and protected cultivation
• Open air:
– vegetables (cabbages,
beans, ...)
– fruits (apples, oranges,
grapes, raspberries, ...)
– garden plants, perennials,
shrubs, fruit trees, ...
– cut flowers and greens
• Protected cultivation
– vegetables (cabbages,
beans, .)
– fruits (apples, oranges,
grapes, raspberries, ...)
– garden plants, perennials,
shrubs, trees, ...
– cut flowers and greens
Types of protection
Small or large tunnels, with a wooden, bamboo or steel
construction
Types of protection
Solar greenhouses (similar to tunnels but now with an extra
wall directed to the north to store the warmth of the sun during
the day and slowly releasing the warmth during the night)
Xiao Tang Shan!
Why sometimes
like this?
Types of protection
Modern greenhouses (made of aluminium and glass and
mostly with modern climate control (heating, cooling, ...)
Xiao Tang Shan!
Question
What are the differences between a
horticultural company with open air cultivation
and a horticultural company with protected
cultivation regarding the use of fertilizer,
energy, crop protection agents, waste
management and water?
System approach
The system approach is useful to analyze situations
and to find out what may happen to a system under
change
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farming system – the whole company
cropping system – greenhouse, rice land, fruit orchard
crop system – Rose, Chinese cabbage
plant system – one single plant
cell system – plant biotechnology
 Each (sub) system has inputs and outputs
 If there is change in one sub-system there often is
influence on the other (sub) system(s)
Question
What kind of systems do you have for your
assignment 3 case situation? Explain.
Plant growth and development (1)
Question: What is important for plant growth
and development?
Think of as many things as possible!
Plant growth and development (2)
Production factors
Photosynthesis=
6CO2 + 12H2O + light  C6H12O6 + 6O2 + H2O)
carbon
dioxide
water
sugar
oxygen water
 Needed: CO2, water, light plus nutrients (N, Mg, P, K and
others)
 The law of the minimum
 Environment should be favorable: Temperature, Light,
Relative Humidity (RH), (and carbon dioxide)
Plant growth and development (3)
Temperature
 Air temperature, soil/medium temperature, leaf/plant
temperature can differ from each other
 Recommendations usually about air temperature
 Average daily temperature influences the rate of plant
development (e.g. flowering and dormancy)
 Temperature soil/media is important for germination or
rooting of cuttings (should be more > 21ºC)
 Optimum temperature= best for the plant development
(can vary during development!)
 Tolerable temperature= plant does not die, but grows
slowly or low quality
Plant growth and development (4)
Temperature, continued
 Some plants need vernalization = effect by cool
temperature (1-3 months) for e.g. flowering
 DIF= difference day and night temperature.
- High DIF gives more stem elongation.
- DIF may effect flower size and number
 Temp at last stage of culture few degrees lower than
optimum to enhance colour & postharvest life
 After harvest: cool down to between 0 and 7ºC to slow
down deterioration (temp depends on crop!
Plant growth and development (5)
Light
 Gives the energy for photosynthesis
 Color, intensity (quantity) and day length
(photoperiod)
 Physiological responses, e.g. seed germination,
flowering, senescence, tuber formation & dormancy
 Day length / Photoperiod: a short or long day length
can influence reactions in certain plants, e.g.
flowering.
 Maximize light: plant spacing, extra illumination, use
a good greenhouse construction and maintenance
 Shading: too much light is unpleasant for plants (and
humans), leads to e.g. yellow leaves
Plant growth and development (6)
Light
 New development: LED light
In future, perhaps:
- we do not need the sun anymore
- we can cultivate more plants on a smaller area….
Plant growth and development (7)
Water
 The right amount should be given
 Quality is important
 Different ways of watering
Relative humidity (RH)
 High RH: less chance of plant getting too dry
 High RH: more chance for fungi and other
diseases
Plant growth and development (8)
The growth (sigmoid) curve:
exponential,
linear,
Declining
Question: Why do you think growth takes place
like this?
Plant growth and development (9)
The sink source theory
Sinks = parts that demand sugars – young and
growing parts
Sources= parts that deliver sugars: leaves, seeds,
tubers etc.
Sinks compete with each other → removing
apples, pruning tomato side branches, removing
grape branches.
Explain!
Pests and diseases (1)
• Pests and diseases:
Affect quantity (yield): worldwide 30% of
agricultural production is lost
Affect quality (price)
Are a big barrier for international trade
• Pesticides can harm:
Food
Health employees that use pesticides
Environment
Pests and diseases (2)
Question:
What kind (categories) of pests and diseases
exist in horticulture?
Pests and diseases (3)
Pests:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Insects
Spider mites
Nematodes
Rodents
3.
1.
4.
2.
5.
Pests and diseases (4)
Diseases:
1.Fungi
Spores (water, wind)
2.Bacteria
Insects, water, soil
1.
2.
3.Viruses
Sucking insects, tools,
hands
3.
Pests and diseases (5)
Question: How can you control pests and
diseases?
Pests and diseases (6)
How to control pests:
• Biological (organic farming)
• Chemical with crop protection agents
• Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
Pests and diseases (7)
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
= combination biological and chemical:
• cultural control (good environment) & breeding
strong varieties
• scouting = visual inspection:
physical control (mechanical or by hand)
biological control
Predators: eat pests
Parasites: live on pests, e.g. put eggs inside
larvae
chemical control only when there’s no other
solution, pesticides which do not harm
biological control
Pests and diseases (8)
Question: Why should a farmer use Integrated Pest
Management (IPM)?
How can the yellow and blue plates help?
Weeds
Weeds also harm the production.
Questions:
- Why?
- How can you control weeds?
See you tomorrow
for your presentation of assignment 2
and for excursion to Xiao Tang Shan
Excursion every one year 2009!
Assignment: see handout.