Transcript 5.5 Multicellular Life TEKS 5B, 5C, 10C

5.5
Multicellular Life
The student is expected to:
5B examine specialized
cells, including roots, stems, and
leaves of plants; and animal cells
such as blood, muscle, and
epithelium;
5C describe the roles of
DNA, ribonucleic acid (RNA), and
environmental factors in cell
differentiation;
TEKS 5B, 5C, 10C
5.5
Multicellular Life
(continued)
10C analyze the levels of
organization in biological systems
and relate the levels to each other
and to the whole system
TEKS 5B, 5C, 10C
5.5
Multicellular Life
KEY CONCEPT
Cells work together to carry out complex
functions.
TEKS 5B, 5C, 10C
5.5
Multicellular Life
TEKS 5B, 5C, 10C
Multicellular organisms depend on interactions among
different cell types.
CELL
TISSUE
leaf
stem
vascular
tissue
ORGAN
lateral
roots
primary
root
root system
• Tissues are groups of cells that perform
a similar function.
• Organs are groups of tissues that
perform a specific or related function.
• Organ systems are groups of organs
that carry out similar functions.
shoot system
SYSTEMS
5.5
Multicellular Life
TEKS 5B, 5C, 10C
Homeostasis:
Is maintained by the interaction of different organ systems
that coordinate the body’s functions
5.5
Multicellular Life
TEKS 5B, 5C, 10C
Specialized cells perform specific functions.
• Cells develop into their mature forms through the process
of cell differentiation.
• Cells differ because different combinations of genes are
expressed.
• A cell’s location in an embryo helps determine how it will
differentiate.
Outer: skin cells
Middle: bone cells
Inner: intestines
5.5
Multicellular Life
TEKS 5B, 5C, 10C
Defining Characteristics:
Stem cells can develop into different cell types.
• Stem cells have the ability to
– divide and renew themselves for long periods of time
– remain undifferentiated in form
– develop into a variety of specialized cell types
5.5
Multicellular Life
TEKS 5B, 5C, 10C
• Potential: Stem cells are classified into three types.
– totipotent, or growing into any other cell type
– pluripotent, or growing into any cell type but a totipotent
cell
– multipotent, or growing into cells of a closely related cell
family
5.5
Multicellular Life
TEKS 5B, 5C, 10C
• Possible uses: The use of stem cells offers many current
and potential benefits.
– Stem cells are used to treat leukemia and lymphoma.
– Stem cells may cure disease or replace damaged
organs.
– Stem cells may revolutionize the drug development
process.
5.5
Multicellular Life
TEKS 5B, 5C, 10C
Origin:
1. Adult stem cells; partially undifferentiated cells located
among the specialized cells of many organs and tissues.
2. Embryonic stem cells; taken from clusters of
undifferentiated cells in a 3-to-5-day-old embryo;
pluripotent; can be grown indefinitely in culture.
5.5
Multicellular Life
TEKS 5B, 5C, 10C
• Stem cells come from adults and embryos.
– Adult stem cells can be hard to isolate and grow.
– The use of adult stem cells may prevent transplant
rejection.
– The use of embryonic
stem cells raises
ethical issues.
– Embryonic stem cells
are pluripotent and
can be grown indefinitely
in culture.
First, an egg is fertilized by a sperm cell in a petri dish. The egg divides, forming
an inner cell mass. These cells are then removed and grown with nutrients.
Scientists try to control how the cells specialize by adding or removing certain
molecules.