Transcript Forestry - friesenfrc

Forestry
What do we use forests for?
An Older View of Canadian Forestry
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=upsZZ2s3xv8
Forest Facts
• Forests cover 42%
of Canada’s total
area
• Only Russia and
Brazil have more
forest
Forest Facts
• One of every sixteen jobs in
Canada depend on the forest
industry
• The forestry industry
produces products that are
worth over $80 billion each
year
• Over half of these products are
exported to other countries
Forest Facts
• Canada is the
world’s second
largest producer of
Pulp and Paper
• Canada exports
more pulp and
paper than any
other country
Pulp
Types of Forests
• Coniferous
• Deciduous
• Mixed Forests
Coniferous
• cone bearing trees that keep
their leaves all year round.
Examples include Spruce
and Pine. Coniferous trees
account for 63% of forests.
These are called
“Softwood”.
Deciduous
• trees that lose their
leaves every
fall/winter.
• Deciduous trees
account for 22% of
forests. These are
called “Hardwood”.
Mixed Forests
• Are a mixture of conifers
and deciduous trees.
• These make up 15% of
Canada’s forests
Commercial vs. Non–Commercial forests
Commercial forests – those that have trees that can be
harvested (cut down for $)
Non-Commercial Forests – those that are unlikely to
be cut down for industrial use
What determines whether a forest is commercial
or non-commercial?
Commercial Forests
 they exist in warm/wet areas of Canada where the trees grow
faster (southern areas)
 Close to road, railways and waterways – good for
transportation
Non-commercial Forests
 Cooler/dryer climates make the trees grow slower (northern
area)
 Far from markets – expensive transportation
• Look at the map of Canada’s
forest regions on page 300
• On your map of Canada,
please describe what types
of forestry are occurring in
each province
• Commercial vs. non
commercial
• Sawmills vs Pulp and paper
Pulp and Paper Industry
• The pulp and paper industry contains huge factories that
break down trees into individual fibers and turns them into
paper products.
Lumber Industry
• Sawmills are a much smaller operation
than a pulp and paper mill.
• These plants cut trees into smaller
pieces in order to make timber,
plywood, or cedar shingles.
Pulp and paper Mills
 Majority are located in Ontario and
Quebec.
 Pulp and paper requires the trees to
be completely broken down.
◦ This requires a great deal of energy.
 Less energy will be used if the trees
being broken down are a smaller
size.
◦ Trees in Ontario and Quebec are
smaller because of the shorter growing
season and low levels of precipitation.
Sawmills
• The majority of sawmills
are located in BC.
• Sawmills like to use large
trees.
• The larger the tree, the
more lumber it can
produce.
• The largest trees in the
country are found in BC
due to the narrow
temperature range and
heavy precipitation.
Types of Logging
Observe the pictures on the
following slides and describe what
you see.
Describe what you see
Describe what you see
Selective Cutting
 Harvesting only mature trees
of the desired size, type and
quality
 Much less disruptive to the
forest environment
 Costly process – costs more $$
and takes more time to collect
enough trees.
 No replanting needed
Shelter Wood
Logging
 Involves clear cutting only
parts of an old growth
forest
◦ No replanting is necessary.
 Not as efficient, don’t get as
many trees.
 The forest will only be
partially uniform.
Clear Cutting
• Loggers remove all trees
• The majority of logging
companies use this method.
• The area is replanted
• The new forest grows up
uniformly (same species, size
and age of trees) – makes for
easy logging next time
• Fastest and cheapest method
Pests and Diseases
• The amount of forest damaged every year by pests
and diseases is greater than the amount harvested by
companies.
• Some of the more common pests are tent
caterpillars, pine beetles and gypsy moth.
• Pests can get inside the bark and eat away at the tree.
Forest Fires
• Forest fires are not always a bad
thing.
• New trees are able to regenerate
quickly in a burned forest.
• The cones from some pine trees are
better able to open with some heat.
The fire allows them to do this and
this will cause the seeds to fall out of
the cones.