Transcript Unorganised Drugs

Classification of Crude Drugs
Objectives
On completion of this period, you would be able to
know:
• Alphabetical classification
• Taxonomical Classification
• Morphological classification
• Chemical classification
• Pharmacological classification of Crude Drugs
Crude Drugs
As per D &C Act, 1940 a drug may be defined as
All medicines for internal or external use of and all
substances intended to be used for or in diagnosis,
mitigation, treatment or prevention of diseases in human
beings or animals
OR
Such substances other than food intended to affect the
structure or any function of human body or intended to
be used for the destruction of vermin or insects, which
cause disease in human beings or animals as may be
specified from time to time by the Central Government
by notification in Official Gazette
Crude Drugs
• They are available in their original form of
occurance
Organised drugs are the organs of plants, solid, cellular
in nature and identified by their microscopical characters.
Ex. Cinnamon, Senna
Unorganised drugs are the products of plants or animals,
solid, semisolid or liquid in nature and are identified by
chemical tests basing on the type of chemical
constituents present in them
Ex. Acacia, Honey, Castor oil
Pharmaceutical Aids
• The substances which are of little or no therapeutic
value, but are essentially used in the manufacture or
compounding of various pharmaceuticals are known as
Pharmaceutical aids or Pharmaceutic necessities
They may be obtained from
Plants
Pectin, Starch
Animals
Honey, Gelatin, Wool fat
Minerals
Kaolin, Talc
Pharmaceutical Aids
• They are also classified into
Colouring agents
: Caramel, Turmeric, Saffron
Flavouring agents
: Cardamom, lemon oil, Mentha oil
Sweetening agents : Licorice, Honey
Emulsifying and
Suspending agents : Acacia, Agar, Bentonite, Gelatin
Ointment bases
: Bees wax, Lanolin, wool fat
Diluents
: Sesame oil, glucose, lactose
Vehicles
: Olive oil, Arachis oil
Disintegrating agents : Starch, Ispagol husk
Lubricants
:Talc, Cocoa butter
Classification Of Natural Drugs
Alphabetical Classification:
In this system the crude drugs are arranged in alphabetical
order
• This system is adopted by B.P., B.P.C., U.S.P. and I.P.
• Whereas in International Pharmacopoeia drugs are
arranged according to Latin names.
Disadvantages
Classification system does not help in
•
Differentiating drugs of
Plant, animal or mineral sources.
• Organized and unorganized drugs cannot be
differentiated.
Taxonomical Classification
• Purely Botanical classification
• Crude drugs from plants are classified into Phylum,
Order, Family, Genus and Species.
• Animal drugs classified as fishes, arthropods, mammals
etc.,
Disadvantages
• It cannot differentiate organized and unorganized drugs.
• In most of the cases only plant part or product is used so
it is of no significance from the point of view of
identification.
Illustration of Taxonomical Classification
Phylum
Order
Family________
Gymnosperms
Gnetales
Ephedraceae
Angiosperms
Canaveral's
Papaveraceae
Dicotyledons
Rhamnales
Rhamnaceae
Angiosperms
Lilifore
Liliaceae
Chemotaxonomical Classification
• The chemical examination of several plants Phytochemical
evaluation have established that there is
• Close link between their Chemical constituents and
taxonomical status.
Ex. Solanaceae family contains Tropane alkaloids
Umbelliferae family contains Volatile oil
Pinaceae family contains Oleo-resin
Morphological Classification
In this system the crude drugs are classified according to their
morphological characters like leaves, barks, seeds, fruits,
roots, flowers etc.,
Advantages:
• Most convenient for practical purpose.
• Useful in identification of adulterants.
Morphological Classification
Disadvantages:
• It is difficult to classify unorganized drugs.
• Chemical composition and pharmacological behaviour of
drugs cannot be characterized by this system.
• Processing of drugs like collection, drying and preparation
for market may change their original characters making
recognition quite difficult.
Illustration of Morphological Classification
Part of plant
Drugs___________________
Leaves
Vasaka, Digitalis, Senna, Coca,
Datura, Eucalyptus
Barks
Cinnamon, Cinchona, Cascara
Ashoka, Arjuna
Flowers
Clove, Pyrethrum, Artemisia
Seeds
Linseed, Mustard
Isapgol, Nux-vomica
Morphological Classification
Fruits
Dill, coriander, Bael
Colocynth, Gokhru
Roots
Ipecacuanha,
Rauwolfia, Aconite,
Gentian
Rhizomes
Rhubarb, Male fern
Turmeric, Ginger
Morphological Classification
Bulbs
Scilla Garlic
Corns
Colchicum
Entire plants
Ephedra ,Chirata
Ergot , Belladonna Herb
Morphological Classification
Woods
Quassia
Sandalwood
Hairs & Fibres
Cotton
Jute
Hemp
Unorganised Drugs
Dried latex
Opium
Dried juice
Aloe
Dried extracts
Agar, Catechu, Gelatin
Gums
Tragacanth, Acacia, Guar gum
Unorganised Drugs
Resins and Resin combinations
Colophony
Benzoin
Asafoetida
Basam of Tolu
Myrrh
Unorganised Drugs
Fixed oils
Castor oil, Arachis oil
Chaulmoogra oil
Fats
Lard
Waxes
Wool Fat
Bees Wax
Chemical Classification
• All plants and animals biosynthesize various chemical
compounds like carbohydrates, proteins, fats etc.,
• In addition to these essential chemicals living organisms
produce several other chemicals and these chemical
constituents possess pharmacological activity.
Advantages
This classification gives logical reasoning to
- biological activities of crude drugs
- which are due to chemical constituents.
Disadvantages
• Drugs which contains two or more types of chemical
constituents cannot get appropriate placement by this
system.
Illustration of Chemical Classification
Type of Components
Examples
Carbohydrates
Gums
Acacia, Guar gum
Mucilages
Ispagol
Others
Starch, Agar, Honey
Cotton, Pectin
Glycosides
Anthroquinone
Aloe
Cascara
Senna
Rhubarb
Cardiac glycosides
Digitals
Squill
Strophanthus.
Saponin glycosides Dioscorea
Liquorice
Quillaia
Cyanogenetic
Wild cherry
Bitter almond
Isothiocyanate
Mustard
Gentian
Tannins
Polyphenolic glycosides
Ashoka, Amla
Catechu, Myrobalan
Volatile Oils
Caraway
Cardamom,
Coriander, Dill, Fennel
Clove, Nutmeg
Eucalyptus,
Lemon grass.
Lipids
Fixed Oils
Castor oil
Arachis Oil
Sesame oil
Fats
Lanolin
Wool fat
Theobroma
Waxes
Beeswax
Spermaceti
Resins and Resin combinations
Resins
Glycosidal resin
Colophony
Oleo – resins
Capsicum
Ginger
Oleo-gum resins
Asafoetida
Guggul
Balsams
Tolu balsam
Podophyllum
Jalap
Kaladana
Benzoin, storax
Alkaloids
Pyridine & Piperidine
Tobacco
Tropane
Belladonna, Datura
Hyoscyamus, Coca
Purines
Tea, Coffee
Steroidal
Kurchi
Diterpenoid
Aconite
Phenanthrene
Opium
Alkaloids
Indole
Ergot, Nux- vomica
Rauwolfia
Quinoline
Cinchona
Isoquinoline
Opium, Ipecacuanha
Amines
Ephedra
Proteins
Gelatin, Yeast
Vitamins
Yeast, Cod liver oil
Shark liver oil, Amla
Triterpenes
Colocynth, Rasna
Pharmacological Classification
• In this system drugs are grouped together
according to the therapeutic activity of their main
chemical constituents.
Advantages
• Even if chemical constituents are not known
Drugs can be grouped according to therapeutic utility.
Disadvantages
• Same drug having different actions, may be included
in more than one category.
Illustration of Pharmacological Classification
Pharmacological Action:
• Anticancer
Vinca
• Anti Spasmodic
Datura, belladonna
• Anti asthamatics
Ephedra
• Anthelmintic
Kurchi
• Anti amoebic
Ipecac
• Astringents
Catechu
• Anti diabetic
Gymnema
Cardio tonics
Digitalis, squill
Carminatives
Cinnamon, clove, fennel
Expectorant
Vasaka
Laxatives
Senna, Aloes
Mydriatic
Datura
Oxytocic
Ergot
Summary
In this class we learnt about
•
Alphabetical classification
•
Taxonomical Classification
•
Morphological classification
•
Chemical classification
•
Pharmacological classification of crude drugs
Quiz
• The classification method useful for practical purpose in
Pharmacognosy
a) Taxonomical
b) Pharmacological
c) Morphological
d) Chemical
Questions
1. Describe various systems of classification of crude drugs.
Give the merits and demerits. (April 2006)
2. Give an account of the different methods of classification
of drugs giving their merits and demerits. (April 2005)
3. How the crude drugs are evaluated by organoleptic
characters physical methods and biological methods.
(April 2004)
4. Define the term crude drug. Mention the various drugs
obtained from animals. (September 2002)