Transcript Diversity of Organims

Order of Classification
Each kingdom (界) is split into smaller groups
called phyla(門) (or called division in plants).
Each phylum is further split into class (綱),
order(目), family(科), genus (屬) and species
(種) and so on.
Such gradual division are listed below:
Kingdom
Phylum or Division
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Diversity of Organisms
Species (物種/種) - a group of similar
organisms that can interbreed with one
another (互相交配) to produce fertile
offsprings (具生殖力的後代).
The Binomial system of
nomenclature (雙名法)
Scientific name consists of two parts:
Genus (屬) name + species (種) name
e.g. Homo sapiens or Homo sapiens
Zea mays or Zea mays
Five kingdoms (界)
Kingdom Prokaryotae (原核生物界)
 Kingdom Protoctista (原生生物界)
 Kingdom Fungi (真菌界)
 Kingdom Plantae (植物界)
 Kingdom animalia (動物界)

Eukaryotae

(真核生物)
Phylogenetic relationships
(演化關係)
 phylogeny (種系發生)
 common ancestor  different group of
organisms

(共同祖先)
(不同組別的生物)
Kingdom Prokaryotae
(原核生物界)
Rod shaped bacterium (Bacillus)
e.g. E. coli (大腸杆菌)
Spherical (球), rod-shaped (桿), helical
(螺旋)
covered by slime layer / capsule (莢膜)
Cell wall is made of protein (蛋白質) and
carbohydrate (碳水化合物) - peptidoglycan)
( 聚糖)
Circular (環形) DNA
Ribosome (核糖體) – for protein synthesis
(用作合成蛋白質)
Rod shaped bacterium (Bacillus)
e.g. E. coli (大腸杆菌)
Mesosome (間體) – for r______ to provide

energy
Flagellum (鞭毛) – for locomotion 移動
Eukaryotae (真核生物)
Protoctista (原生生物界)
Fungi (真菌界)
Plantae (植物界)
Animalia (動物界)
Prokaryotae
-
VS
Eukaryotae
no distinct nucleus /
- distinct nucleus / with
no nuclear membrane
nuclear membrane
(沒有定形的細胞核 / 沒有核
膜)
- single circular DNA in
cytoplasm (遺傳物質為環形
DNA，位於細胞質內)
-chromosome present
-(遺傳物質為染色體)
-membranous organelles
absent (沒有膜狀的細胞器)
- membranous organelles
present
-infolding of cell membrane __________ for respiration
forms mesosomes for
(有 __________用於細胞呼
respiration (細胞膜向內陷
吸作用放出能量)
-而成間體，用於細胞呼吸作用
放出能量)
Kingdom Protoctista
(原生生物界)
Algae (藻)
Algae
Algae
Eukaryotic (真核)
Body is thallus (葉狀體) , not differentiated into
roots, stems, leaves,
No vascular tissues (維管組織).
All contain chlorophyll and other pigments ((色
素) for photosynthesis.(autotrophic) (自養營養)
Most of them are green, while some are red or
brown.
Unicellular (單細胞) filamentous (絲狀) colonial
 (群體) thalloid (葉狀體)
Mainly live in water (aquatic). (水中生長)
Spirogyra – a green alga
Unbranced filamentous (絲狀)
Found in fresh water habitat
(水生境) (e.g. pond 池塘, stream 溪澗)
Spirally coiled chloroplasts (螺旋狀葉
綠體)
Slimy (黏滑)(due to the presence of
mucliage 黏液)
Fucus – a brown alga (褐藻)
Large marine brown alga found in
intertidal zone (潮間帶) and on a
rocky shore (岩岸)
Contain brown pigment (fucoxanthin,
岩藻黃素)
Thallus (葉狀體) differentiated into holdfast
(固着器), stipe (柄) and fronds (葉狀體/藻體)
Air bladders (氣囊) – for buoyancy (浮在水面)
Red tide – dinoflagellates
www.hkredtide.org
Protozoa (原生生物)
Unicelluar, microscopic (animal)
No chlorophyll  __________
No tissues or organs
Free-living, some are parasitic (寄生)
e.g Amoeba
Paramecium ( 草履蟲)
Plasmodium (瘧原蟲)
Kingdom Fungi (真菌界)
Fungi
Eukaryotic
Do not have roots, stems or leaves.
No chlorophyll present  heterotrophic
 saprophytic (腐生), parasitic (寄生),
mutualistic (互利共生)
 hyphae (菌絲)  mycelium (菌絲體)
 store food as glycogen (糖原)
reproduce by spore (孢子)
Mushroom (菇)
Fungi
Economic important of fungi
1. Decomposition of organic material in
sewage and soil  D_______
(分解污水及泥土內的有機物
2. Production of antibiotics (抗生素)
penicillin (青黴素) aspirin (阿士匹靈)
3. Production of alcohol (酒精)
4. Production of food
5. Mushroom are edible (可供食用)
6. For experimental use
Harmful fungi
1. Saprophytic fungi cause
decomposition of stored food (food
spoilage 食物腐爛)
and natural materials (天然物質)
2. Parasitic fungi cause diseases (疾病)
in plants and animals.  economic
loss (經濟損失)
Xeromorphic features (旱生結構)
Needle-shaped leaves – reduce surface
area to volume ratio
Sunkened stomata (內陷氣孔) – trap
water vapour
Thicker hypodermis (下皮) and cuticle (角
質層) – reduce water loss
Kingdom plantae
(angiosperms /
flowering plants)
 Green plants with roots, stems and leaves.
 Have well-developed vascular tissues for transporting
various substances.
 Produce flowers for sexual reproduction (有性生殖) and
develop into fruits (果實), with the seeds enclosed inside
after fertilization.
 Divided into two groups: Monocotyledonous plant (單子
葉植物) and dicotyledonous plants (雙子葉植物)
 Monocot are herbaceous plants (草本植物); Dicot are
herbaceous or woody (木本的)
Kingdom animalia (動物界)
Cnidarians/coelenterates (刺胞動物)
Annelids (環節動物)
Molluscs (軟體動物)
Arthropods (節肢動物)
Echinoderms (棘皮動物)
Vertebrates (脊椎動物) (Fishes 魚類,
Amphibians 兩棲動物, Reptiles 爬行動物,
Birds 鳥, Mammals 哺乳動物)
Cnidarians (刺胞動物)
Example: obelia, hydra (水螅), jellyfish(水母),
coral (珊瑚) and sea anemone (海葵)
Multicelluar, hollow-bodies, two layers of cells
(diploblastic 雙胚層的)
Radially symmetry (輻射對稱)– catch perys (獵
物) defend (防衛) at all sides
Tentacles (觸手) for catching preys ( with sting
cells 剌細胞 called nematocyst剌絲囊)
Two alternate forms: polyp (螅型體) or medusa
(水母體)
Annelids (環節動物)
Bilaterally symmetrical (兩側對稱)
Body composed of 3 layers of cells
(triploblastic) (三胚層)
Ring-like segments (環節)
Examples: earthworm (蚯蚓), leech(水蛭/
螞蟥) and bristleworm (沙蟲)
May have chaetae (剛毛) – for burrowing
Supported by hydrostatic skeleton
Molluscs (軟體動物)
Soft-bodied, unsegmented body
Body consisted of anterior head, ventral foot
and a dorsal visceral mass (內臟團).
Body is surrounded by mantle (套膜) sheltered
in one or more calcareous shells (鈣質殼).
Shell forms exoskeleton (外骨骼) for protection
Filter feeders (濾食性動物)
Molluscs (軟體動物)
 Examples:
Chitons (
), limpets (帽貝) :dorsi-ventrally
flattened body (背腹扁平) and broad flat muscular
foot  attached firmly onto the substratum
Periwinkles (濱螺) – sheltered in the crevices of
rockes (石隙)
snails (蝸牛)– protected by withdraw into shell
squids (魷魚) and octopuses – tentacles with
suckers for swimming and grabbing food.
Protected by changing colour of the body and
ejecting ink.
Mussels and osyters (Bivalves)- with two shells
Mussels have bysuss (足絲) for attachment to the
substratum
Arthropods(節肢動物)
 Segmented body with jointed appendages (關節附肢)
 Bilaterally symmetrical
 Crustaceans e.g. lobsters, shrimps, crabs and
barnacles (藤壺)
 Others: centipedes (百足蟲) and millipedes (千足蟲/馬
陸), spider (蜘蛛), scorpions(蠍子), insects e.g. bees,
grasshopper (草蜢)
 Hardened exoskeleton composed of chitin (幾丁質)
 moulting (蛻皮)(for growth)
 Body of an insects are divided in head (頭), thorax(胸)
and abdomen (腹)
Arthropods(節肢動物)
Exoskeleton for protection, muscle attachment (
肌肉依附) and resisting dehydration (脫水)
Some with wings for flying
Breathed by gills (鰓)/tracheal system (氣管系統)
Jointed appendages modified to many structures
e.g. antennae (觸角) for sensation, mouthparts (
口器) for defence and feeding, walking and
swimming legs for locomotion
Echinoderms (棘皮動物)
Solely marine invertebrates
Bottom dwellers, shorelines and shallow seas
Examples: starfish(海星), sea urchins (海膽),
sea cucumbers (海蔘)
Endoskeletons (內骨胳) with spines (棘) –
protection (保護)
Radially symmetrial (輻射對稱)
Water vascular systems (水管系統)
Moved by tube feet (管足)
Pincer-like pedicellariae (鋏棘) around the spine
( to keep the body free of debris, to grip and to
capture food)
Chordata (脊索動物門)
Have the following structures at some stages of
development:
1. A notochord (脊索) as the first
supporting structure
2. A single, dorsal and hollow nerve cord
(背神經管)
3. Paired gill slits (鰓裂) of the embryonic
pharynx (咽)
Fishes (魚類)
Aquatic
Fins(鰭) and tail (尾) for swimming,
Gills (鰓) for breathing
Presence of slimy scales (濕潤鱗片)
Cold-blooded / poikilothermic (變溫動物)
Streamlined(流線形) body-reduce water
resistance (水阻)
2 sub-groups :
cartilaginous fishes (軟骨魚)(shark 鯊魚)
bony fishes (硬骨魚) (salmon, seahorse海馬)
Amphibians (兩棲類)
E.g. frogs (蛙), toads, newts (蠑螈)
Wet naked skin (皮膚光滑) (with mucin
gland 黏液腺)
Gaseous exchange takes place through
wet skin, lining of buccal cavity (口腔) and
lungs
Cold-blood / piokilothermic (變溫動物)
Hibernate (冬眠) in cold weather
Reptiles (爬行類)
E.g. turtles (龜), lizards (蜥蝪), snakes (蛇
) and crocodiles (鱷魚)
Covered with dry horny scales (乾燥角質
鱗片) for protection
Breathed by lungs (肺)
Eggs are covered by shell (殼)
Poikilothermic (變溫動物)
Birds (鳥類)
Body covered by feathers (羽毛)
Most of them can fly, forelimbs (前肢) modified
as wings , hindlimbs (後肢) for running or
swimming
Have beak (喙)
Warm-blooded / Homoiothermic (恆溫動物)
Adaptations for flying:
1.Streamlined body (流線形)
2.High metabolic rate (高代謝率)
3.Bones are hollow (中空)  reduce in weight
Mammals (哺乳動物)
Presence of mammary glands (乳腺) and
hair or fur
E.g. whale (鯨), dolphin (海豚), bat (蝙蝠
), tiger (虎)
Possess sweat glands (汗腺)
Parental care (親代養育)
Dichotomous key 二叉式檢索表
The simplest way to identifying organism is to
construct a dichotomous key.
Such keys consist of a lot of structural features
about the specimen to be identified.
There are two alternatives for each features,
and each of these two alternatives will lead to
other features until the desired group of the
specimen is reached.
Dichotomous key
 Example of the use of dichotomous key
1 With flower.
Without flower
2 Seedless.
Seed bearing
3 Plant body do not differentiated into root,
stem and leaves.
Plant body differentiated into root, stem and
leaves
4 Without photosynthetic pigment.
With chlorophyll or other photosynthetic
pigment
5 No vascular tissues.
With vascular tissues
Angiosperms
Go to 2
Go to 3
Gymnosperms
Go to 4
Go to 5
Algae
Fungi
Mosses
Fern
Dichotomous key
 the dichotomous key can also
be expressed in a diagrammatic form
Pla nts
With flower
Without flower
Flo we ring Pla nts
(Ang io sp erm )
Non-flo wering p la nts
Se ed -b e a ring
Se ed le ss
Pla nt b o d y no t
d iffe re ntia te d into
roo t, ste m a nd
le a ves
Without p ho tsynthetic p ig m e nt
Alg a e
Pla nt b o d y
d iffe re ntia te d
into stem a nd
le a ves
With c hloro p hyll or
o the r p ho to synthe tic
p ig m ent
Fung i
No va sc ula r
tissues
With va sc ula r
tissues
Mo sse s
Ferns
Gym no sp e rm s
Nomenclature of organism
 Each kind of living organism has a specific
scientification name which composed of two parts.
 Scientist use binomial system for naming the
organisms.
 This scientific name is different from the common
name.
 The first part of the scientific name is the name of
the genus it belongs to and is known as the generic
name.
Plant Kingdom
 Almost all plants contain the green pigment chlorophyll
which they use for photosynthesis.
 The plant kingdom is divided into two major groups: the
non-flowering plants and the flowering plants
 Non-flowering plants do not produce flowers.
 Non-flowering plants are subdivided into algae, fungi,
mosses, ferns and gymnosperms
Plant Kingdom
 diagram of plant kingdom
Plants
Flowering plants
Non-flowering plants
Algae Fungi Mosses Ferns Gymnosperms
Animal Kingdom
 The invertebrates (無脊椎動物) are the animals that
do not posses a backbone or vertebral column (脊柱).
 The vertebrates (脊椎動物) are the animals that
posses a backbone, or vertebral column.
 They are usually larger than the invertebrates and have
a more complex body organization and structure.
 Vertebrates include mainly five classes: fish,
amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals.
Animal Kingdom
 Diagram of animal kingdom
Animal Kingdom
(vertebrate)
 Fish
Live in water, have a moist skin covered with scales.
Use gills for breathing.
Have fins for swimming and maintaining balance.
Cold-blooded (poikilothermic), their body
temperatures changes with that of the surrounding.
Animal Kingdom
(vertebrate)
 Fish
Animal Kingdom
(vertebrate)
 Amphibians
Have a smooth (scales-less) and moist skin.
In larva stage, lives in water and use gills for
breathing.
In adult stage, lives on land and use lungs for
breathing.
Paired limbs are present. (This feature distinguishes
the amphibians from the fish)
Cold-blooded.
Animal Kingdom
(vertebrate)
 Amphibians
Animal Kingdom
(vertebrate)
 Reptiles (爬行動物)
Have a hard, dry scaly skin.
 Use lungs for breathing.
 Lay eggs enclosed in hard shells on land.
 Cold-blooded.
Animal Kingdom
(vertebrate)
 Amphibians
Animal Kingdom
(vertebrate)
 Birds
Body is covered with feathers.
Use lungs for breathing.
Fore-limbs are modified to wings for flying.
Have no teeth, mouth is modified to a beak.
Lay eggs enclosed in hard shells.
Warm-blooded (homoiothermic), their body
temperatures are constant and are independent of
the surrounding temperature.
Animal Kingdom
(vertebrate)
 Birds
Animal Kingdom
(vertebrate)
 Mammals
Body is covered with hairs.
Use lungs for breathing.
Young develop inside the body of the mother and are
born alive (viviparous reproduction).
Have mammary glands, which produce milk to
nourish the youngs.
The cerebrum (大腦) is more well-developed than
other vertebrate.
Have a diaphragm (橫隔膜)
Warm-blooded.
Animal Kingdom
(vertebrate)
 Mammals
Difference between plants
and animals
Features
Plants
Structure a. Have a diffuse or
branching body and the
number of organs
changes all the time.
b. Cells surrounded by a
cellulose cell wall.
c. Have chlorophyll.
d. Lack feeding structure
Nutrition
Animals
a. Have a more define body
form and a fixed number
of organs.
b. Cells do not have a cell
wall.
c. Lack chlorophyll.
d. Have feeding structures
such as mouth and
digestive tract.
Autotrophic: able to make
Heterotrophic: obtain organic
organic food from inorganic food depend on other
substance by photosynthesis. organism.
Difference between plants
and animals
Features
Plants
Movement a. The whole body usually
fixed to the ground, only
parts of the body can
move.
b. Usually movement is
result of growth in low
speed
Animals
a. Whole body can move
from place to place.
b. b.Movement is relatively
fast.
Response a. No receptors and nervous a. Have receptors and
system.
nervous system.
b. Less sensitive and
b. Respond more quickly.
respond more slowly.
Difference between plants
and animals
Features
Excretion
Plants
a. Produce less waste
products.
b. No specialized excretory
system.
Animals
a. Produce more metabolic
wastes products.
b. With special excretory
organ or system.
Growth
The growth is indefinitely. i.e.
can grow through continues
throughout the life. Mainly
occur at the tips of the roots
and the shoots.
The growth is definite. i.e.
growth stops at maturity.
Occurs throughout the whole
body.
Respiration The respiratory in the body is
lower.
The respiratory in the body is
higher.