Transcript Plants (K. Plantae) - Brookwood High School

Plants
(K. Plantae)
Plant Basics
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Multicellular eukaryotes
Cell wall of cellulose
Photosynthetic (photoautotrophic)
Evolved from an organism similar to
today’s green algae
• Need to survive
– 1. sunlight
– 3. gas exchange
2. water and minerals
4. movement of water
& nutrients
Just how do plants move water and
nutrients?
• Diffusion (if there is not a long way to go)
• Capillary action
• Vascular tissue
– Xylem (water up from the roots)
• Tracheids
– Phloem (carbs down from the leaves)
Plant Life Cycle
The Nonvascular Plants
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Low to the ground
no vascular tissue
gametophyte dominant
antheridia (female parts) and archegonia
(male parts)
The Nonvascular Plants
• Division Bryophyta
– Mosses
– Moist habitats with poor soils
– Rhizoids (root like)
The Nonvascular Plants
• Division Hepaticophyta/ Hepatophya
– Liverworts
– Reproduce via gemmae
– Thallus (body)
The Nonvascular Plants
• Division Anthocerophyta
– hornworts
Seedless Vascular Plants
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Require water for reproduction
Sporophyte dominant
No seeds (spores instead)
Vascular tissue
Seedless Vascular Plants
• Division Lycophyta
– Club mosses (small plants in moist
woodlands)
– Many are epiphytes (grow on trees but don’t
harm them)
Seedless Vascular Plants
• Division Arthrophyta
– Equisetum (horsetail/ scoring rush)- abrasive
silica in stems, found in marshes
Seedless Vascular Plants
• Division Pterophyta
– Ferns
– Spores found in sori on the underside of
fronds
Seed Plants- General Info
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Do not require water for fertilization
Gametophyte dominant
Produce seeds
Adaptations for reproduction
– Flowers/ cones to protect seeds
– Pollination
– Protection of embryos in seeds
Seed Plants- Gymnosperms
• “naked seed”
Seed Plants- Gymnosperms
• Division Cycadophyta (cycads like the
sago palm and palm trees)
– Mycorrizhae
Seed Plants- Gymnosperms
• Division Gingophyta
– Gingko biloba – the only extant member of
this division (“a living fossil”)
– Male and female trees
Seed Plants- Gymnosperms
• Division Gnetophyta
– Ephedra, Welwitschia
Seed Plants- Gymnosperms
• Division Coniferophyta (the conifers)
– “cone-bearers”
– Evergreens such as pines, firs
Seed Plants- Angiosperms
• Most diverse
• Division Anthophyta (“flowering plants”)
• More on flowers later…
Seed Plants- Angiosperms
• Monocots
– Flower parts in 3’s
– Examples: Lily, iris, grasses
Seed Plants- Angiosperms
• Dicots
– Flower parts in 4’s or 5’s
– Examples: rose, daisy, sunflower
Plant Structures
Stoma- found on leaf surface;
used for gas exchange; opening
controlled by guard cells;
transpiration can also occur
through stomata
Plant Responses
• Tropism- response due to an
environmental stimulus; controlled
primarily by hormones
– Phototropism- light
– Gravitropism/ geotropism- gravity
– Thigmotropism- touch
Plant Adaptations
• Aquatic Plants
– Mangrove trees
• Desert Plants
– Succulents
– Thick coverings
• Carnivorous Plants
– Pitcher plants (shape, color, smell)
– Venus fly trap
• Parasitic Plants