Transcript Answers to Semester 2 Review

1. What is DNA made of? What is the name of the
sugar in DNA?
a) Sugar, phosphate, & nitrogneous
bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine,
guanine)
b) deoxyribose
2. What is RNA made of? What is the name of the
sugar in RNA?
a) Sugar, phosphate, & nitrogneous bases
(adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine)
b) ribose
3. Write the complementary DNA sequence
for the DNA strand shown below.
TAC,CCA,AAA,GTG,CGC,ACG,
ATG,GGT,TTT, CAC,GCG,TGC
ATA,GAT,CGA
TAT,CTA,GCT
4. Now write the complementary RNA
sequence for the same DNA strand.
TAC,CCA,AAA,GTG,CGC,ACG,
AUG,GGU,UUU,CAC,GCG,UGC
ATA,GAT,CGA
UAU,CUA,GCU
5. Using the RNA sequence you wrote and
the translation table shown below,
translate the t-RNA sequence you wrote
into an amino acid (protein) strand.
Met-Gly-Phe-His-Ala-CysTyr-Leu-Ala
6. Where are genes located?
On chromosomes
7.
What is the difference between a gene, a chromosome, and DNA?
a) A gene is a section of a
chromosome that codes for a
specific protein
b) A chromosome is a double
strand of DNA that contains
genes on both strands
c) DNA is the chemical
compound that, along with
proteins, makes up a
chromosome
8. Work the following problems:
a. A woman is homozygous for Type O blood. Her husband is
heterozygous for Type AB.
Can they have a child who is Type 0? NO
Can they have a son who is Type AB? NO
(Mom) oo x AB (Dad)
o o
A Ao Ao
B Bo Bo
b.
A flower breeder crosses a red flower with a yellow one. All the offspring are
orange. What kind of dominance is this?
Incomplete- because the offspring
are a blend of the parental traits
c.
Show the Punnett square and the percentages of the different offspring that
you will get if you cross two of the orange flowered plants.
RY x RY pheno: red, orng, yel
R Y
25%, 50%, 25%
R RR RY
geno:RR, RY, YY
Y RY YY
25%,50%, 25%
9. Below are shown two karyotypes.
a) Which one is for a male?
B
b) Which one is for a female?
A
c) Which one shows an abnormal
karyotype?
Both do at # 21.
d) What condition will this karyotype
cause?
• Trisomy 21 also called
10. Define the following:
a. reproductive isolation- when one part of
a population of the same or similar
species cannot or does not interbreed
with another
b. speciation- formation of new species
c. natural selection- survival of the best
adapted to the local environment
d. genetic variation- the differences in
genes that are present in or can be
acquired in a population of organisms
11. How does a bacteria become resistant to an antibiotic? Is
this a genetic change?
It acquires a new gene, probably on a
plasmid, that makes it resistant to
the antibiotic. Yes!
12. Define the following:
a. evolution- change in something over time
(usually refers to a biological change)
b. gradualism- a slow acquisition of changes
c. punctuated equilibrium- long periods of no
change followed by bursts of rapid
change
• 13. Define the following:
a. vestigial structures –Structures
that were larger and used more
in an ancient ancestor
b. analogous structuresstructures that look alike and
do the same thing although the
organisms on which they are
found don’t have a common
ancestor
c. homologous structuresStructures that are similar in
form but may have different
jobs- found on organisms that
had a common ancestor
14. Label the bacterium
1. Flagellum
2. Pilus
3. Nucleoid
4.Cell Membrane
5. Ribosome
6. Cell wall
7. Capsule
15. Where are the oldest fossils found, at the
bottom of several layers of sediment, in the
middle, or at the top? Why do you think so?
They are at the bottom, because
they are laid down first.
16.Draw & label the life cycle of a virus.
17. What is the greatest threat to an organism that
has been invaded by a virus?
The organism will die when the
virus lyses it and all its
contents leak away
18. Compare autotrophic organisms to
heterotrophic organisms as to where & how
they get energy.
Autotroph- makes own food by
photosynthesis
Heterotroph- must eat another
organism for food
19. Describe what the immune system does
to fight bacteria.
Phagocytes chew it up and take
parts of it to the lymph nodes
where the B cells design an
antibody to kill it. A copy of
that cell called a “memory B
cell is kept in the lymph nodes
to fight the bacteria again if it
ever comes back.
20. Compare bacterial conjugation to bacterial
transformation.
Conj.- bacteria attaches to
another bacteria with a pilus
and sends a copy of its
plasmid across.
Transform.- bacteria pull in DNA
from dead bacteria to recycle and
acquire new genes
21. How do bacteria help us?
Help us with digestion, gut
bacteria make needed clotting
factors, help make cheese &
yogurt, used in industry to
clean up chemical spills
22.What structure does an amoeba
use for locomotion?
Pseudopods
a Euglena? Flagellum
a Paramecium? Cilia
23.Parameciums, Euglenas, and
Amoebas are all members of
what Kingdom? Protista
24. Tell what each of the following
structures do in a protozoan:
a. pellicle- Support & protection
b. nucleus- runs cell
c. flagellum- locomotion
d. gullet- takes in food
e. anal pore- expels waste
f. contractile vacuole- pumps out
water
25. Name all eight groups (taxons) used to group
organisms in classification in order from largest
to smallest.
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum,
Class, Order, Family, genus,
species
26. Name three things scientists use to classify
organisms into groups.
Similarities in embryo
development, in DNA, and in
structures
27. Use the table above to classify the following
organisms:
A. It’s green, unicellular, independently moves
around, and has cell walls made of cellulose.
Kingdom Protista
B.
It’s a heterotroph, has no cell walls at all, is a
eukaryote and is multicellular.
Kingdom Animalia
C.
It’s a prokaryote, is unicellular and is sometimes
pathogenic.
Kingdom Archaebacteria or
Eubacteria
28. Looking at the biomass pyramid below, tell which level
has the most calories in it and why.
Primary Producers, because 90%
of the energy is lost every time
the pyramid goes up one level
29. Use the food web shown
below to draw three food
chains
Plant->rabbit->Fox
Plant>insect>toad>Sn
ake
30. Choose one of your food
chains and identify the
producer, primary consumer,
secondary consumer, and
tertiary consumer.
Producer = plants
1st=insect, 2nd= toad,
3rd= snake
31. Define and give one example of each of the
following symbiotic relationships:
A. predator/prey- predator captures &
eats prey
B. Mutualism- both benefit +/+
C. parasitism- one benefits; the other is
harmed +/D. commensalism- One benefits the other
is neither helped nor hurt +/o
All of these are symbiotic relationshipsclose associations between two or
more organisms
32. Fill in the table below:
Structure:
Function:
Stem- Support
Leaf- photosynthesis, gas exchange,
transpiration
Root- absorption, anchoring
Flower- reproduction, makes seeds
Fruit- helps seeds get scattered & started
Xylem- carries water
Phloem- food flows freely thru phloem!
Stomate- gas exchange (it’s the plant’s
nostril)
33. What is the difference between a gymnosperm
and an angiosperm?
Gymnosperms have scale or needle
like leaves and produce seeds in
cones- no fruit or flowers
34. How do you tell a monocot from a dicot?
Monocot- parallel veins, flower parts
in 3, one cotyledon, fibrous roots
Dicots- netted veins, flower parts in
4 or 5, two cotyledons, tap root
35. Define:
A. Biennial- planted one year, grows,
flowers the second year
B. Perennial- planted once; grows
year after year ex tree or blue
planted once; grows year after year ex
tree or blue berry bush
C. Annual- must be planted every
year; grows and reproduces in
one growing season
36. Name the female reproductive structures of a
flower and tell what they do.
Carpel (pistil)- the whole thing
Stygma- sticky top of carpel,
catches pollen
Style- holds up stygma
Ovary- forms eggs, becomes
fruit
Ovules- become seeds
Receptacle- the end of the twig
on which the flower forms
37. Name the male reproductive structures
of a flower and tell what they do.
Stamen- the male reproductive
structure
• Anther- makes pollen
• Filament- stalk that holds up
the anther
38. Name three ways in which leaves may
be modified to do other functions for a
plant.
Spines or thorns- protection
Bright colors- attract insects
Produce toxic or stinging
compounds- protection
Tendrils- long thin leaves that
coil around things- support
39. What are the characteristics of Phylum
Porifera
Body covered with pores, flagellated
collar cells line the inside, only
two cell layers, body shaped like
sac, food is acquired & waste
excreted by diffusion
40. What are the characteristics of Phylum
Insecta?
Exoskeleton of chitin, 6 legs,
may have wings, three body
sections, one pair of antennae
41. What are the characteristics of Phylum
Annelida?
Body in segments, excretion
through nephridia, tube like
digestive system (mouth to
anus), coelom
42. What are the characteristics of Phylum
Platyhelminthes
Flat body, sac-like digestive system,
Flame cells remove excess water,
respiration by diffusion, aquatic
or parasitic
43. What are the characteristics of Phylum
Arachnida?
8 pairs of legs, 8 eyes, no
antennae, chelicera (fangs),
spinnerets, book lungs
44. Which system is responsible for the
breakdown and absorption of food?
Digestive system
What are the major structures of that system?
Mouth-chem. & mechanical
digestion
Esophagus- tube takes food to
stomach
Stomach- chem. & mechanical
digestion
Small intestine- digestion &
absorption of food
Large intestine- absorption of
salts, minerals, and water
Rectum- stores solid waste
Anus- exit for waste
45. Name the three kinds of muscle cells and give
one example of where each one can be found.
Cardiac- heart, looks both
striped and branched,
involuntary
Smooth- lines tubular organs,
involuntary, spindle shaped
Skeletal- associated with bones,
striped, voluntary
What structure actually does the
filtering?
Nephrons in the kidneys do
the filtering
Kidney has three layerscortex, medulla, & pelvis
47. What is the muscle that moves the blood?
Heart
What muscle makes us breath?
Diaphragm
48. What body system produces the hormones?
Name one structure in this system.
Endocrine System
Hypothalamus, pituitary,
thyroid, adrenal, gonads,
parathyroid, pineal
49. Which body system controls the whole body?
What three parts make up this system.
Nervous system
Brain, spinal cord, 12 cranial
nerves
50. Where are blood cells formed? Where are
they stored?
In the red bone marrow of the flat
and long bones. They are
stored in the spleen.