Transcript Science Ch. 1 notes - Mrs. Gann`s 6th grade class

How Do Scientists Classify
Organisms?
Chapter 1
Lesson 1
6 Kingdoms
2 for bacteria
Protists
Fungi
Plants
Animals
Dichotomous Key
Dichotomous means “divided into two
parts.
The key always gives two characteristics
to choose between
Think of it like a tree trunk with a series of
smaller branches
Bacteria
Single cell
Cells lack nucleus
– Classified as Prokaryotes (before the nucleus)
Most numerous type of organism
Smallest living things
Very numerous
Live almost anywhere
Are bacteria useful? Can you name a
disease caused by a Bacteria?
Bacteria – The 2 Kingdoms
Archaebacteria
Meaning “ancient bacteria”: living on this
earth longer then any other organism!!
Live under conditions deadly to other living
things
Do you think these organisms are find in
the Dead Sea?
Eubacteria- The “weaker” bacteria
This can not general survive extreme
conditions.
Example: E. Coli
One cell but cell function complex
Variety of ways to obtain food
– Some use the Sun’s energy to make food
– Others get food from eating living and nonliving materials.
Protists
May have a single cell or many cells
– But even single celled Protists have a nuclei
Cells have a nucleus & complex structures
– Cells have special structures that perform
certain functions such as transforming food
into energy
Some protists share characteristics w/
fungi, plants, or animals.
Animal- Like Protists
Protozoa
Protozoa “first animal”
They can’t make their own food, protozoa
take food from your surroundings
Most Protozoa can move through their
environment.
Protozoa live wherever there is water.
– Can be also found in moist soil and other
organisms!!!
Plant-like Protists
Example: Algae
These protists use energy from the sun to
create their own food. They also produce
oxygen as a byproduct….. What else does
that?
Some are microscopic or grow very large.
Fungi-like Protists
They get their food from their surroundings
Some reproduce through spores
Many can move from place to place
These protists can be very damaging to
crops and to fish.
What are the 3 types of Protists?
Animal-like
Plant-like
Fungi-like
Fungi Kingdom
Example: Mushrooms
Cells have a nucleus & complex cell
structures
Fungi absorb their food. They decompose
other organisms.
Fungi grow fast & reproduce through
spores.
– They can not move from place to place. But
their spores can travel by the wind or water.
How Are Plants Classified?
Lesson 2
Classifying Plants
All plants are multicellular
Almost all make their own food using the
Sun’s energy.
Are classified according to the way they
transport water & reproduce
Plant Kingdom
Many-celled
Have tissues & organs
Have cell walls & chloroplasts
Make their own food
Classified: Nonvascular and Vascular
Nonvascular
Absorb water much like a sponge soaks
up a liquid.
Water passes from cell to cell
They must live close to water source
because of a lack to transport water which
also prevents them from growing very tall.
Example: Mosses and liverworts
Vascular
Plants that have tissue that acts like tubes
to transport water through the plant.
– Tube-like tissues transports water & nutrients
taken from soil through the plant’s roots
Vascular system provides support & allows
plants to grow tall
2 types of Vascular plants: seed plants &
seedless plants
How do vascular & nonvascular
plants differ?
Vascular plants have tube-like tissues that
transport water.
Seedless Vascular - Fern
Ferns reproduce there spores
A spore is like a seed, but holds only half
the beginning of a complete new plant
inside it.
– This spore must germinate with either a male
or female plant to produce a new fern.
Seeded Vascular Plant
Gymnosperm (Produce seeds that rest in
hard berries or cones)
Angiosperm (Produce seeds through
flowers and then through fruit)
Gymnosperms
Vascular plants that produce seeds that
rest in hard berries or woody structures
called cones
Seeds contain plant embryos
The seeds provides protection & food for
the embryo
4 main groups of gymnosperm: conifers,
cycads, ginkgos, & gnetophytes
See life cycle in textbook, pg. A19
Conifers
Many are pine trees
Most are called evergreens because they
keep their needle-like leaves all year
Most paper is made from conifers wood
fiber
Gnetophytes
Are found in both very wet or very dry
environments.
Some species have unusual leather-like
leaves that grow on vines. Other species
resemble shurbs.
Cycads
Often mistaken for palm trees, but unlike
palm trees cycads produce cones instead
of flowers
Ginkgo
Unlike other gymnosperms that keep their
leaves, ginkgo loses its leaves every year
Ginkgo are a popular choice for parks
because they can resist many disease &
pollution.
How do seedless vascular plants
reproduce?
By producing spores
Angiosperms
A vascular plant that produces flowers.
The flowers make seeds as well as fruits to
protect seeds.
Some flowers, like tulips, have both male &
female organs within one flower.
Other flowers, such as apple blossoms, may
have either male or female sex organs
Like Gymnosperms, angiosperms produce
pollen. But angiosperm is often aided by animals
in transferring pollen from flower to flower.
Angiosperms- Continued
If looking at a angiosperms seed you may
see what appears to be tiny leaves.
These leaf-like structures are called
cotyledons. Angiosperms are classified
according to how many cotyledons their
seeds contain.
– Angiosperms that produce seeds w/ 1
cotyledon are called monocots. Example:
Corn
– Angiosperms w/ 2 cotyledon are called dicots.
Example: peas and squash
Review Fruiting
Plant Life cycle in textbook, pg. A21
How are angiosperms &
gymnosperms alike?
Both produce spores
Plant Adaptations
An adaptation is any part or characteristic that
helps a species survive or reproduce.
Pine trees grow needle-like leaves w/ waxing
coating. This helps the tree keep water in,
allowing pines to survive in cool, dry places
Dropping leaves & becoming inactive or
dormant, a tree can survive the cold winter.
Some plants, called annuals usually complete
their life cycle in a single year. Biennuals lives 2
years and perennials will grow back every year.
How Are Animals Classified?
Lesson 3
Animalia Kingdom
Some animals in this kingdom have
characteristics from other kingdoms, like
cells. However, animals DO NOT take in
energy from the Sun. Animals take in food
from their environment by eating. They
break down & digest food for its energy &
nutrients.
Most common Characteristics of
Animals
Multicellular w/ specialized cells that form
tissues & organs
Require oxygen to breathe
Consume other organisms to get nutrients
& energy they need
Most are able to move at some point in
their lives
Most reproduce sexually
Once an organism is identified
as an animal, it can be further
classified into phylum, class,
order, family, genus, and
species
What’s an Invertebrate
Animals w/out backbones!! This does not
include humans….
Invertebrates are very diverse & include
the largest number of animal species.
Symmetry is an important characteristic to
note w/ invertebrates
– Go over textbook, pgs. A28-A31
Vertebrates
Vertebrates are animals that have a
backbone.
Vertebrates maybe warm-blooded or coldblooded. (This does not refer to the
temperature of the blood but rather how
the body temperature is maintained.)
Cold-Blooded Vertebrates
Reptiles, amphibians, and most fish fall in
this category.
Their body temperature depends on the
temperature outside their body.
Fish
Most have a bony skeleton, but some such
as sharks, have a skeleton that is only
cartilage.
Have gills that allow them to breathe in
water. The gills take oxygen out of the
water.
Most have very well-developed sensory
systems which means they have good
sense of smell.
Amphibians
Include: Frogs, toads, salamanders, and newts
Usually need to live close to water but doesn’t
spend its entire lives in it.
Some have lungs that allow them to breathe
outside the water.
Some don’t have lungs at all but use the smooth
surface of their skin to exchange gases with the
air.
They need water to reproduce. Most species
have eggs that would dry out on land.
Reptiles
Include: Snakes, turtles, tortoises, lizards,
crocodiles, & alligators
Have tough outer skin, and most lay eggs.
The dry, flexible, scaly skin of reptiles
provides them w/ a waterproof coating
Their skin helps them conserve water.
Most reproduce on land
Reptile eggs have a tough outer covering
that prevents them from easily drying out.
What does the term cold-blooded
mean?
Animals whose body temperature depends
on to temperature of their environment.
Warm-Blooded Vertabrates
Consist of Birds and mammals
Warm-blooded means they maintain
constant internal body temperatures. Their
body cells produce enough heat to keep
their bodies warm even when the
temperature outside their body is low.
Birds
The only group of animals that have
feathers
Have beaks instead of teeth
– How do you think this affects the birds of prey
like the eagles, falcons, and owls?
– Do all birds fly?
Mammals
Have the most complex organs & nervous
systems in the animal kingdom
Have relatively large brain which helps to learn
& perform complex behaviors
Have hair even whales!... Whiskers count as hair
Feed milk to their young
Most have live young…
– Look in text on pg. A35 give an example of a mammal
that does not have live young but why they are still
classified as mammals.
Mammals- Continued
Most have teeth
Move to find food, to escape from a
predator, and other reasons
Mammals are either, herbivores,
carnivores, or omnivores.
– Can you give me an example of each one?
What characteristics do mammals
share?
Large brains
Hair
Teeth
Milk for their young
Classification System
Review textbook pg. A36
To which phylum do tigers belong?
Chordata