Transcript Bogs
Textbook Version of the 4 Main Groups These 3 groups are unresolved Ranunculaceae Papaveraceae Berberidaceae Platanaceae Eudicots (or Tricolpates) Basal Eudicots Ranunculaceae Papaveraceae Berberidaceae Platanaceae Eudicots (or Tricolpates) Basal Eudicots Ranunculaceae Papaveraceae Berberidaceae Portulacaceae Polygonaceae Platanaceae Basal Core Eudicots Eudicots (or Tricolpates) Basal Eudicots Ranunculaceae Papaveraceae Berberidaceae Platanaceae Portulacaceae Polygonaceae Hamamelidaceae Vitaceae Basal Rosids Eudicots (or Tricolpates) Basal Eudicots Ranunculaceae Papaveraceae Berberidaceae Platanaceae Portulacaceae Polygonaceae Hamamelidaceae Vitaceae Violaceae Salicaceae Rosaceae Ulmaceae Fagaceae Betulaceae Juglandaceae Eurosids I Eudicots (or Tricolpates) Basal Eudicots Ranunculaceae Papaveraceae Berberidaceae Platanaceae Portulacaceae Polygonaceae Hamamelidaceae Vitaceae Violaceae Salicaceae Rosaceae Ulmaceae Fagaceae Betulaceae Juglandaceae Malvaceae Eurosids Anacardiaceae II Sapindaceae Cornaceae Ericaceae Sarraceniaceae Rubiaceae Basal * Euasterids I Apiaceae Euasterids II Caprifoliaceae Adoxaceae Asteraceae Bogs Sphagnum Ericaceae Sarraceniaceae Sphagnum Moss Note distinct “heads”. Sphagnum gains cations (nutrients) and acidifies the water through cation exchange. Sphagnum moss The stalks with capsules are the sporophytes Note distinct “heads” at ends of stems. Capsules are audibly explosive-developing pressures of up to 2 atm and dispersing spores as far as 15 cm! Contents of capsule shrink causing pressure build up, the spores are discharge all at once-- EXPLOSIVELY Time lapse QuickTime™ and a Video decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a H.264 decompressor are needed to see this picture. Sphagnum at 1,000 fps >15cm heights QuickTime™ and a H.264 decompressor are needed to see this picture. Sphagnum capsule at 10,000 fps QuickTime™ and a Video decompressor are needed to see this picture. Sphagnum capsule at 10,000 fps QuickTime™ and a Video decompressor are needed to see this picture. Sphagnum’s air gun is very effective: Velocity = 13 m/s = 29 mph!! Acceleration > 105 g Timescale < 1/30,000 s Pressure ~ 5 atm ?? http://68.61.32.46/Wild%20Flowers/ Chamaedaphne calyculata - Leatherleaf -Ericaceae has Wintergreen Leaves http://botit.botany.wisc.edu Chamaedaphne calyculata - note typical urn shaped flowers (typical of many Ericaceae), fused petals (typical of the sympetalae) Chamaedaphne calyculata - Leatherleaf -Ericaceae. Note undersides of leaves are rust colored. Vaccinium corymbosum, High Bush Blueberry, Ericaceae. Deciduous leaves, typical urn-shaped flowers, Ericoid mycorrhizae. Vaccinium angustifolium - Common Low Bush Blueberry Ericaceae Vaccinium angustifolium, Low Bush Blueberry, Ericaceae Fruits are a true berry! Kalmia polifolia Bog Laurel Ericaceae Pink bell-shaped flowers with “sprung” stamens in pockets of the corolla. Opposite, revolute leaves. In the phyllodocoid clade in the Ericaceae Kalmia polifolia, Bog Laurel, Ericaceae. Note reflexed stamens in pockets (3 have been sprung) Kalmia angustifolia Note flowers in the whorl just below the top. Leaves are broad and typically in whorls of 3. Kalmia angustifolia - note stamens are under tension, bending back into the corolla pockets Kalmia angustifolia Andromeda glaucophylla - Bog Rosemary - Ericaceae Note alternate leaves. Andromeda glaucophylla blossoms are white tinged with pink. Note: alternate, revolute leaves and bell shaped flowers with long white pedicel. Andromeda glaucophylla, Bog Rosemary, Ericaceae http://68.61.32.46/Wild%20Flowers/ Andromeda glaucophylla Bog Rosemary Alternate leaves Ericacaceae Dense Hairs on Undersides of Leaves http://www.ct-botanical-society.org/galleries/ledumgroe.html Ledum groenlandicum, Labrador Tea, Ericaceae Gaultheria procumbens, Wintergreen, Ericaceae Epigaea repens, Trailing Arbutus or Mayflower, Ericaceae, State Flower of Massachusetts, Protected. Note oval leaves and paired white flowers (which turn pink with age). Vaccinium macrocarpon (closely related to V. oxycoccus, the small cranberry which we will see at the bog) Large Cranberry Ericaceae Vaccinium macrocarpon, Large Cranberry, Ericaceae Fruit = Berry (In the bog we will see V. oxycoccus, the small cranberry) Cranberry field at harvest time. Harvesting Cranberries Ericoid mycorrhizae in Gaultheria. The dark blobs are the fungus in the root. Ericoid mycorrhizae- cross section. Note few fungal hyphae on the root surface. Ericoid mycorrhizae in Leucopogon juniperus (Epacridacaceae- a southern hemisphere heath family) Ectomycorrhizae (fungus roots) on Pinus strobus. X-section showing thick Fungal hyphae mantle of fungus (Amanita muscaria) Sarraceniaceae Sarracenia leaves = pitchers Sarracenia purpurea Pitcher Plant Sarraceniaceae Note downward pointing hairs and purple venation. Sarracenia purpurea flower Note peltate style Stephanomeria exigua Parent Species Stephanomeria malheurensis Selfing Species Asteraceae Pink petals Small Amounts of nectar Landing Platform Mimulus lewisii (low to mid-elevation) Bee pollinated Red Petals Large amounts of nectar Reflexed petals, no landing platform Mimulus cardinalis (mid to high elevation) (Bird Pollinated) F1 Hybrid Cross between Mimulus lewisii and M. cardinalis F2 generation plants were placed in a grid in the field and scored for pollinators. •Yellow pigment reduces visits by bees. •High nectar volume increases visits by birds. How might shifts in pollinators affect speciation rates? Two different pollinators acting on one species could result in reproductive isolation and speciation ? ? ? ? ? Back up systems in angiosperms may predispose a species for further speciation ?