Transcript Plants
Kingdom Plantae Main Characteristics • Cells contain a nucleus • Make their own food • Cells contain a cell wall • Multicellular • Can not move from place to place Types of Plants 1. Nonvascular Plants • Do NOT have conducting tissue (pipes) to transport water and nutrients. • These plants are small and use diffusion and osmosis to move materials. • Examples: mosses and liverworts 2. Vascular Plants • Contain conducting tissue (pipes) to deliver needed materials throughout the plant. • Vascular plants can be any size Types of Vascular Plants 1. Plants without seeds. • Help form soil and prevent erosion • Examples: ferns, horsetails and club mosses 2. Plants with seeds. • Have a two part life cycle • sporophyte - produce spores • gametophyte - produce sex cells Types of Seed Plants 1. Gymnosperms • Non-flowering or fruit bearing plants • Produce cones instead of flowers and fruits. • Example: Conifers 2. Angiosperms • Flowering plants • Use flowers (attract animals) and fruits (protect seeds) for reproduction. • Flowering plants provide food for animals. Seed Structure Cotyledon - a seed leaf. Provides food for the embryo before it can makes its own food. Types of Angiosperms 1. Monocots • Contains 1 seed leaf (cotyledon) • Flower parts in threes • Leaves with parallel veins • Vascular tissue scattered • Examples: grasses, onions, lillies, palms 2. Dicots • Contains 2 seed leaves (cotyledons) • Flower parts in fours or fives • Leaves with branching veins • Vascular tissue in a ring • Examples: roses, cactuses, sunflowers, peanuts Differences between monocots and dicots Plant Kingdom can be Nonvascular Vascular may such as produce seeds NOT produce seeds mosses and liverworts such as in flowers cones (Angiosperms) (Gymnosperms) can be Monocot Dicot such as Pine trees, evergreens ferns horsetails club mosses Angiosperm Structure Angiosperms are made up of: • Roots • Stems • Leaves • Flowers Stamen Pistil Petal Flower Sepal Leaves Roots Stems Roots Main Functions: • Supply plant with water and minerals that are absorbed from the soil • Support and anchor plant • Store food made during photosynthesis Root Types 1. Tap Root •One main root growing down with smaller roots coming off. •Example: carrots 2. Fibrous Root • Several roots that are the same size. • Example: grass Stems Main Functions: • Support plant body • Some stems can store materials. • Example: cactus stores water • Transport materials between roots and leaves • Xylem - carries water and minerals upward from the roots • Phloem - carries food downward to roots for storage and to other parts of the plant Stem Types 1. Herbaceous • Soft, flexible plant 2. Woody • Rigid stems made of wood and bark Monocot Dicot 1 cotyledon 2 cotyledons Monocot Parts in 3’s Dicot Monocot Parallel veins Dicot In a ring Dicot Parts in 4’s or 5’s Net-veined Monocot Scattered Monocot fibrous Dicot taproot Leaves Main Functions: • Capture sunlight to make food Parts of the Leaf: • Cuticle - waxy covering that protects against water loss • Chloroplasts - contain chlorophyll to capture sunlight • Veins - Move water, food and nutrients through xylem and phloem • Stomata - openings under the leaf to let in carbon dioxide and give off water and oxygen. • Guard cells - open and close the stomata Leaf Structure Stomata Guard cell Flowers Main Functions: Used for sexual reproduction Parts of the Flower • Sepal - protects immature flower when it is a bud • Petals - attract insects and animals • Stamen - male reproductive parts Anther - produces pollen grains Filament - thin stalk, that anther sits on Parts of the Flower Continued •Pistil - female reproductive parts Stigma - collects pollen Style- pollen travels down to reach egg Ovary - develops into the fruit • Ovule - inside the ovary; contains the egg. Develops into a seed after fertilization. pistil stamen anther stigma pollen grains pollen tube filament style ovary ovule Flower Project Using the flower books provided: • Choose a flower • Draw a picture of the plant •Label the parts • Describe their main function • Name of the plant •Your name & class period Pollination & Fertilization 1. What type of reproduction occurs in flowering plants? - sexual reproduction - egg and sperm are needed - offspring look different than parents pistil stamen stigma pollen style ovary Self-pollination anther Cross-pollination 2. What is pollination? - Pollination occurs when pollen grains are transported from anthers to stigmas. - Self-pollination: egg and sperm from the same plant - Cross-pollination: egg and sperm from different plants 3. What has to happen in order for fertilization to occur? - The sperm inside the pollen must get from stigma to ovary. - A pollen tube forms from stigma to ovary. 4. What is fertilization? - Fertilization occurs when the sperm from the pollen grain fuses (joins) with the egg inside the ovule. 5. What takes place after fertilization? - The ovule develops into a seed. - The ovary develops into a fruit. 6. What are dormant seeds? - They are seeds that are inactive (not growing or developing). 7. What does a seed need to grow? - water - oxygen - proper temperature 8. What is germination? - Germination is the sprouting of a seed. Germination 9. How do plants reproduce asexually? - root or stem can become a new plant (vegetative propagation) Examples: - cuttings: using part of stem or root - runners: stems that run along the ground and buds grow off it. - plantlets: tiny plants grow on leaves A B D E C F G Bonus: 1. A and B from above make up the _________. 2. D,E, F from above make up the _________. 10. What is a tropism? - growth in response to a stimulus Examples: phototropism: response to light gravitropism: response to gravity Photosynthesis 1. What is needed for photosynthesis? - sunlight (chloroplasts in leaves) - carbon dioxide (stomata in leaves) - water (absorbed by roots) 2. What does chlorophyll do? - chlorophyll absorbs sunlight in the leaves 3. What is the equation for photosynthesis? Sunlight + 6 CO2 + 6 H2O ----> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 sunlight + carbon dioxide + water ---> sugar + oxygen Excess sugar travels down phloem to be stored in the roots. 4. What is cellular respiration? - Converts the energy stored in food into a form of energy the plant can use. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 ----> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy 5. What is transpiration? - Water loss from leaves through stomata.