Warm-Up - sandsbiochem
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Transcript Warm-Up - sandsbiochem
Chapter 38
Angiosperm Reproduction
What you need to know:
The relationship between seed and fruit.
How temperature and moisture
determine seed germination.
How different modes of plant
reproduction affect their genetic diversity.
Angiosperms have 3 unique Features:
1.
2.
3.
Flowers
Fruits
Double Fertilization
SYMMETRY
OVARY LOCATION
FLORAL DISTRIBUTION
Bilateral symmetry
(orchid)
Lupine inflorescence
Superior
ovary
Radial symmetry
(daffodil)
Sepal
Fused petals
Semi-inferior
ovary
Inferior
ovary
Sunflower
inflorescence
REPRODUCTIVE VARIATIONS
Maize, a monoecious species
Dioecious Sagittaria latifolia (common
arrowhead)
Pollination: transfer pollen from anther to stigma
Pollen tube grows down into ovary for 2 sperm to
travel to egg
Some plants are self-pollinated
Cross-pollinated plants:
◦ Self-incompatibility: plant rejects own pollen or
closely related plant
◦ Maximize genetic variation
Stigma
Stigma
Anther
with
pollen
Pin flower
Thrum flower
“Pin” and “thrum” flower types reduce self-fertilization
The development of a plant embryo
Fruit
Egg cell plant embryo
Ovules inside ovary seeds
Ripe ovary fruit
Fruit protects enclosed seed(s)
Aids in dispersal by water, wind, or animals
Types of Fruit
Seeds
Mature seed dormancy (resting)
Low metabolic rate
Growth & development suspended
Resumes growth when environmental
conditions suitable for germination
Seed
Structure
Germination
Seed take up water (imbibition) trigger
metabolic changes to begin growth
1. Root develops
2. Shoot tip emerges above ground
Stimulated by light
3. Foliage leaves expand & turn green
photosynthesis
Very hazardous for plants due to vulnerability
Predators, parasites, wind
Seed
Germination
Plant Reproduction
Sexual
Asexual
(Vegetative Reproduction)
Flower Seeds
Runners, bulbs, grafts, cuttings
vegetative (grass), fragmentation,
test-tube cloning
Genetic diversity
Clones
More complex & hazardous for
seedlings
Simpler (no pollinator needed)
Advantage in unstable
environments
Suited for stable environments
Asexual reproduction in aspen trees
Test-tube cloning of carrots
Just a few parenchyma
cells from a carrot gave
rise to this callus, a mass
of undifferentiated cells.
The callus differentiates
into an entire plant, with
leaves, stems, and roots.
Humans Modify Crops
Artificial selection of plants for breeding
Plant Biotechnology:
◦ Genetically modified organisms
“Golden Rice”: engineered to produce betacarotene (Vit. A)
Bt corn: transgenic – expresses Bt (bacteria)
gene produces protein toxic to insects
◦ Biofuels – reduce CO2 emissions
Biodiesel: vegetable oils
Bioethanol: convert cellulose into ethanol