Transcript Eudicots
Eudicots Tricolpates Angiosperm phylogeny Ceratophyllum • Hornwort family, all aquatic • Small flowers • Absent perianth • Few number of flower parts • Unisexual flowers Eudicots • Tricolpate pollen • Cyclic flowers - parts in whorls, members of individual whorls alternating • Staminal filaments usually slender • Starch grains in plastids Eudicots Ranunculales • • • • • • • Berberidaceae Circaeasteraceae Eupteleaceae Lardizabalaceae Menispermaceae Papaveraceae Ranunculaceae Ranunculales Ranunculales • Key features: contain alkaloid berberine, superior ovary without a hypanthium, herbaceous, toothed to lobed leaves, flower parts distinct and free, many stamens, seeds with tiny embryos and copious endosperm Papaveraceae • Sister to the other groups: • Differs: – – – – Fused carpels Capsular fruits Quickly deciduous sepals Sap (either colored or clear) Papaveraceae • • • • Poppy family 770 species in 40 genera Herbs to soft wooded stems Papaver somniferum (opium poppy) used for morphine, heroin, and codeine – Ornamentals: many poppies, bleeding heart Papaveraceae • Synapomorphies: Leaves often lobed, often colored sap, 2 sepals - quickly fall off, often 4 petals, 2 fused carpels with parietal placentation, fruit a capsule, seeds with arils Papaveraceae • Herbs to small shrubs with sap • Leaves alternate and spiral often lobed • Flowers bisexual, radial to bilateral – Sepals usually 2 or 3, falling quickly – Petals usually 4 or 6, sometimes numerous, often crumpled in bud – Stamens numerous – 2 to numerous carpels, fused • Fruit a capsule with arillate seeds Papaveraceae Papaveraceae Papaver Sanguinaria Dicentra Corydalis (400) Argemone Menispermaceae • • • • Moonseed family Twining vines or lianas 450 species in 71 genera Medicinal and poisons (curare - arrow poison), and ornamentals Menispermaceae • Synapomorphies: Twining vines or lianas, Flowers unisexual (usually dioecious), 2 ovules with 1 aborting, Fruit an aggregate of drupes 3 merous flowers Berberidaceae • • • • Barberry family 650 species Widespread herbs and shrubs Ornamentals, including lawn shrubs Berberidaceae • Synapomorphies: 1 carpel • Herbs or shrubs with variable leaves • Flowers bisexual, radial, with 3-merous parianth – 4-6 sepals, distinct – 4-6 outer petals, 6 inner petals/staminodes – Usually 6 stamens, anthers open from the base by 2 flaps • Fruit a berry Berberidaceae Berberis (600) Caulophyllum Jeffersonia Ranunculaceae • Buttercup family • 2000 species of herbs shrubs or vines • Widespread especially in the northern hemisphere • Many ornamentals Ranunculaceae • Synapomorphies: Herbs, shrubs or occasionally vines • Leaves various (often lobed) • Flowers usually bisexual, flower parts usually not 3-merous Ranunculaceae • Flower parts not 3-merous – 4 to numerous tepals or differentiated into calyx (5) and corolla (5) – Stamens numerous, distinct – Carpels usually 5 to numerous, distinct • Fruit follicles, achenes or berries Ranunculaceae • Hydrastis - Flowers 3-merous Fleshy follicles Ranunculaceae • Thalictroideae – Paraphyletic grade Thalictrum • Plesiomorphies – Berberine compounds – Yellow rhizomes – Small chromosomes Coptis Aquilegia Hodges 1997 Ranunculoideae • Synapomorphies: – – – – – 4-5 merous parianth Dry fruits Large chromosomes and longer stomates Chromosome number of 8 No berberine Ranunculoideae • Synapomorphies: – Ranunculin – Fruits are achenes Ranunculus Anemone Clematis Ranunculoideae • Synapomorphies: – Petal-like tepals Caltha Delphinium Eudicots Proteales • 4-merous flowers with stamens opposite • Major groups: Platanaceae, Proteaceae, Nelumbonaceae Platanaceae • Plane tree or Sycamore tree • 9 species all in Platanus • Tropical to temperate regions of NA, southcentral Europe, western Asia to Indochina • Cultivated as ornamentals Platanaceae • Synapomorphies: Inflorescences of globose heads in unisexual heads (monoecious), apical placentation, Fruits achenes, in dense globose clusters Platanaceae • Trees with exfoliating bark • Leaves palmately lobed and veined, stipules present • Flowers unisexual (monoecious) – – – – 3-7 sepals 3-7 petals, lacking in carpellate flowers 3-7 stamens, filaments very short 5-9 carpels, distinct, ovaries superior, 2 ovules per carpel with one aborting • Fruit dense achenes Platanaceae Hybrid between P. occidentalis and P. orientalis Proteaceae • Protea family • Widespread in tropics and subtropics in Australia and Africa • 1770 species • Many ornamentals and Macadamia nut Proteaceae • Synapomorphies: 4 tepals with edges abutting, 4 stamens, 1 carpel Proteaceae • Trees or shrubs • Leaves usually alternate and spiral, stipules absent • Flowers bisexual, radial or bilateral, conspicuous – 4 tepals, often deeply cleft on one side – Stamens 4, usually adnate to tepals – 1 carpel on a stalk • Fruits follicles, nuts, achenes, drupes, or samaras Proteaceae • Grevilleoideae (flowers in pairs) • Proteoideae (flowers single) Proteaceae Protea Grevillea Banksia Macadamia Nut Nelumbonaceae • Water lotus family with enlarged spongy receptacle 70 sp. 2 sp. Gunnerales - Gunneraceae • Blue-green algae as symbionts - Nostoc • Large herbs with no stem (40-50 species) • Plants dioecious Polygonales Core Eudicots Polygonales 1 basal ovule Indehiscent fruits Carnivorous Plumbagin Basal placentation Vascularized hairs Polygonaceae • • • • Knotweed family Herbs, shrubs, trees, or vines 1100 species Includes: buckwheat, rhubarb, and sorrel Polygonaceae • Synapomorphy: Stipules present and connate into a thin sheath around the stem Polygonaceae • Herbs, shrubs, trees, or vines • Leaves usually alternate and entire • Flowers usually bisexual, radial – Perianth of 6 tepals, usually petaloid • In 5s when 2 tepals are fused – 5-9 stamens – 2 or 3 carpels, basal placentation, 1 ovule • Fruit an achene or nutlet Polygonaceae Rumex (200) Fagopyrum Polygonum (150) Plumbaginaceae • Herbs or shrubs with alternate leaves, no stipules • Flowers bisexual, in cymose inflorescences – 5 sepals and 5 petals – 5 stamens fused to petals – 5 fused carpels • Plumbago Droseraceae • Sundew family • Insectivorous herbs • 110 species, common in wet, low-nutrient, acidic soils • Venus’s flytrap and sundews Droseraceae • Synapomorphies: Leaves rolled in a coil from the top, blade sensitive Droseraceae • Leaves simple with obscure venation, forming a snap-trap, mucilage-secreting hairs to digest insects • Flowers bisexual, radial, white or purple – – – – Usually 5 sepals Usually 5 distinct petals Usually 5 stamens, pollen released in tetrads Usually 3 carpels • Fruit a capsule • Aldrovanda QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Droseraceae Dionaea Drosera (80 spp) QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Nepenthaceae • ~ 82 species in Nepenthes • Shrubs climbing with their leaves – Alternate entire and highly modified – Petiole, blade, tendril, and pendent urn-shaped pitcher (with operculum - lid) – Pitcher has fluid of digestive enzymes • Old world tropics, 90 species in 1 genus, Nepenthes Nepenthaceae • Flowers unisexual (dioecious), small and greenish – Staminate flowers with 4 tepals and 4-numerous stamens – Carpellate flowers with 4 tepals and 4 fused carples