Transcript Poales
Monocots Cont. Poales Poales Loss of raphide crystals Loss of septal nectaries Typhaceae • Cattail Family, common in northern hemisphere, including US • 28 species of rhizomatous aquatic herbs • Leaves are used in weaving, and starchy rhizomes, young staminate inflorescences, and pollen are eaten Typhaceae • Synapomorphies: Monoecious, Tepals reduced, 1 functional carpel with 1 ovule Typhaceae • Leaves linear, often spongy with air canals • Inflorescences of densely clustered flowers appearing to be elongate/cylindrical spikes or clusters • Flowers unisexual, wind dispersed – 1-6 reduced tepals, even bract or scale-like – Stamens 1-8 in staminate flowers – 3 fused carpels, with only one functional, axil placentation, with 1 locule and 1 ovule • Fruit a drupe or follicle Typhaceae Typhaceae Sparganium Typha Bromeliaceae • Bromeliad family, tropical to warm temperate mostly in the Americas • Includes pineapple, spanish moss, and many ornamentals • 1520 species of often epiphytic herbs Bromeliaceae • Synapomorphies: Hairs water absorbing scales, Separate calyx and corolla, Stigmas spirally twisted Bromeliaceae • Leaves often form a tank-like basal rosette that holds water • Flowers bisexual, radial – – – – 3 sepals 3 petals 6 stamens 3 carpels, connate, spirally twisted • Fruit a capsule or berry, seeds often winged with tufts of hairs Bromeliaceae Bromeliaceae Tillandsia (spanish moss) Ananas (pineapple) Bromelia Poales Sedges (Cyperaceae) have edges, Rushes (Juncaceae) are round, and Grasses (Poaceae) are hollow all the way to the ground QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Juncaceae + Cyperaceae • Synapomorphies: solid stems, 3-ranked leaves, loss of calcium oxalate crystals, pollen in tetrads Juncaceae • Rush family, 400 herbs • Common worldwide, temperate or montane, including US • Used in basket making and as ornamentals Juncaceae • Synapomorphies: none, may not be monophyletic • Leaves 3-ranked, round and solid • Flowers bisexual – 6 tepals, distinct – (3-) 6 stamens, distinct – 3 Carpels, connate, ovary superior • Fruit a capsule Juncaceae Juncus - 300 species Luzula - 80 species Cyperaceae • Sedge family, 4500 herb species • Worldwide, often in damp areas • Cyperus papyrus used in making paper by ancient Egyptians, many with aromatic, medicinal, or starchy roots. Cyperaceae • Synapomorphies: Stems solid and triangular, leaves sheath closed, tetrads of pollen with 3 degenerate, basal placentation, Fruit an achene (nutlet) Cyperaceae • Leaves alternate, 3-ranked, with blade and enclosed sheath • Flowers bisexual or unisexual subtended by a bract – Tepals lacking or 3-6 scales, bristles or hairs – Stamens 1-3 (-6), distinct – Carpels 2-3, connate, 1 ovule • Fruit an achene (nutlet) Cyperaceae Carex - 2000 Cyperaceae Cyperus - 600 Fimbristylis - 300 Poales Joinvilleaceae + Poaceae + Restionaceae + Flagellariaceae • Synapomorphies: Two ranked leaves, with sheath around stem, stomates with dumbbell-shaped guard cells, small flowers with 1 ovule per carpel, etc. Poaceae = Gramineae • Grass family, 9700 herbs or occasional trees • Cosmopolitan in distribution • Easily most economically important family: corn, rice, sugar cane, wheat, barley, oats, sorghum, etc. • > 70% of worlds farmland and > 50% of human calorie intake Poaceae = Gramineae • Synapomorphies: Florets with 3 separate bracts: glumelemma-palea, Fruit a grain, Embryo with a highly modified cotyledon QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Glumes= bract found at the base Palea= internal bract Lemma= external QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Poaceae = Gramineae • Leaves 2-ranked with a sheath, ligule, and blade, sheaths tightly encircling the stem, margins overlapping but not fused • Flowers as florets arranged in spikelets. Subtended by 3 sets of bracts – No tepals or very reduced (lodicules) – (1-) 3 (-6-numerous) stamens, anthers with arrow shaped base – 3 fused Carpels, appearing as 2, often “feathery” • Fruit a grain QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Poaceae Poaceae Bambusoideae s.s. • Tropical woody and herbaceous plants • Includes bamboo (up to 40 m tall) Arundinaria (50) Bambusa (120) Phyllostachys (45) Ehrhartoideae • Fairly widespread, some aquatic or wetland herbs • Includes Oryza sativa (Asian rice) and Zizania aquatica (NA wild rice) Zizania Oryza Pooideae • Many cereal grains (wheat, oats, barley, rye, etc.) • Also turf grasses, pasture grasses, blue grasses Triticum aestivum Wheat Avena sativa Oats Hordeum vulgare Barley Chloridoideae • Almost all undergo C4 photosynthesis, live in arid climates • Southern Hemisphere distribution Eragrostis Sporobolus Spartina Panicoideae • Distinctive spikelets, not breaking into separate florets at maturity • Includes suger cane, corn, etc. Saccharum Zea mays Andropogon