Transcript 1.Evolution description and importance of tomato

Evolution description and importance
of tomato
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Evolution description and importance of tomato
Origin
 The first reference of tomato appears in 16th Century herbalistis, but
they are brief and only identify it as newly introduced into Europe.
 Two hypotheses have been put forward with regard to its place of
origin.
 Mullar (1940a, 1940 b) and Luckwill (1943) suggested that tomato was
transported to Europe from Peru sometime in 1535.
 Only two areas have received attention as potential sites of
domestication, namely Peru and Central Mexico.
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Evolution description and importance of tomato
 The critical evidence cited by them is that the early names ‘Male
peruviana’ and ‘Pomi del Peru’ indicate a Peruvian origin.
 On the other hand, some authors mentioned the possibility of a
Mexican origin.
 Von Humbloldt (1821) mentioned tomato among a list of plants that
may probably be considered as Mexican.
 Both hypotheses have been frequently quoted.
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Evolution description and importance of tomato
 In 1544, Mathiolus gave the common name ‘Pomi d’oro’ with its latin
equivalent ‘Mala aurea’ for the first time.
 Furthermore, the name ‘Pomi d’ oro’ has persisted in Italy as the
common name of tomato.
 Dodonaeus, in his Flemish edition of Herbal in 1544 described
tomato in a separate chapter entitled ‘Of Amorous apples or Golden
apples’.
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Evolution description and importance of tomato
 Anguillara, Semplici (1561) there is a short note entitled
‘Lycopersico di galeno’. On Anguillaras edition two new names
‘pomic del Peru’and ‘ Lycopersican’ were introduced into the
synonymy and because firmly established through repetition in
subsequent works.
 infact the later name has persisted as the scientific name of the
genus for quite a long time.
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Evolution description and importance of tomato
 Whatever may be the geography of domestication of the tomato, its
immediate ancestor was probably var. cerasiforme as concluded by
Jenkins (1948) and still widely accepted.
 He also suggested that it is reasonably certain that Mexico and not
Peru was the source of the cultivated tomatoes of the old world and
probably and only centre of domestication of the tomatoes as there
is a wide spread distribution of var. cerasiforme in Mexico.
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Evolution description and importance of tomato
 The var. cerasiforme also bears greater genetic resemblance to the
cultivated tomato than L. pimpinellifollium which is probably a byproduct rather than a member of the stem line of the crop.
 Robert Gibbon Johanson (1820) demonstration its edibility.
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Evolution description and importance of tomato
Taxonomy
Class : Asteridae
Super Kingdom : Eukaryota
Super Order : lamiids
Kingdom : Viridiplantae
Order : Solanales
Phylum : Streptophyta
Family : Solanaceae
Sub Phylum : Embryophyta
Sub Family : Solanum
Division : Tracheophyta
Subdivision : Spermatophyta
Genus : Lycopersicon
Super Class : Magnoliophyta
Species : esculentum
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Evolution description and importance of tomato
Tomato belongs to the family Solanaceae and genus Lycopersicon.
The genus includes 12 species, all native to South America. The
genus differs from Solanum by the absence of spines in the
pinnatifid leaves and anther tips are narrow and exhibit longitudinal
dehiscence.
According to Mullar (1940a) and Luckwill (1943), the genus is further
subdivided into two subgenera.
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Based on fruit colour(Mullar 1940)
Eulycopersicon : Characterized by red fruited edible species with
carotenoid
pigmentation and annual. Cultivated tomato esculentum and pimpinellifolium
species are included in this group.
Eriopersicon:Green fruited species with anthocyanin pigmentation and the
following species are in this group.
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pissisi (Luckwill, 1943)
peruvianum (Mullar, 1940a)
hirsutum (Mullar, 1940a)
glandulosum (Mullar, 1940a)
cheesmanii (Mullar, 1940a)
Later, Rick and Lamm (1955) emphasized the importance of
recognizing chilense as a separate species.
Two distinct species, L. esculentum and L. pimpinellifolium are
recognized by most authorities, with 4 or 5 botanical varieties in the
former(Thompson and Kelly,1957)
Based on fruit shape
Bailey (1949) classified tomatoes in to two species, L. esculentum and
L. pimpinellifolium with 5 botanical. The chromosome number of all
the species are 2n=2x=24.
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Evolution description and importance of tomato
Based on growth habit and fruit characters, five forms of L. esculentum
are identified.
Commune
-
Common tomato
Cerasiformae
-
Small fruited cherry tomato
Pyriforme
-
Pear shaped tomato
Grandifolium -
Potato leaved tomato
Validum
-
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Erect and upright tomato
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Evolution description and importance of tomato
Rick (1976) divided genus Lycopersicon into following two
groups based on their ability to cross with cultivated
tomato:
1.Esculentum complex (crossable with cultivated tomato)
 L. esculentum, L. pimpinellifolium, L. cheesemani and L.
Hirsutum
2.Peruvianum complex (Not crossable with cultivated tomato)
 L. peruvianum, L. chinense
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Evolution description and importance of tomato
Rick (2007) of Tomato Genetic Resource Centre (TGRC) gave
Solanum equivalents for the different Lycopersican species that are
being maintained at this centre.
1. L. esculentum – solanum lycopersicum
2. L. esculentum var. cerasiforme – solanum esculentum var
cerasiforme.
3. L. pimpinellifolium – S. pimpinellifolium
4. L. cheesmanii – S. cheesmaE
5. L. cheesmanii f.minor – S. galapaganse
6. L. chmielewskii – S. chmielewskii
7. L. parviflorum – S. neorickii
8. L. preuvianum f. humifusum - L. preuvianum
9. L. previanum f. glandulosum – S. corneliomulleri
10. L. hirsutum includes L.hirsutum f. glabratum
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Evolution description and importance of tomato
New species of tomato relatives in which
the name of the species under
Lycopersicon genus is not available are
S.lycopersicoides, S.sitiens,
S.juglandifolium, S.ochranthum.
Plant Characteristics
Tomatoes
are
short-lived
perennials
cropped as annuals.
Although killed by frost outdoors,
in greenhouses, plants can be cropped
for 24 months or longer.
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Evolution description and importance of tomato
Growth habits:
determinate vs. indeterminate. The primary shoot of a young
tomato plant produces 5 to 10 leaves, then produces a flower
cluster.
Each flower cluster is referred to as a 'hand'. In indeterminate
cultivars, the shoot continues to grow upward and flower clusters
appear to develop to the side of a main shoot or main stem.
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Evolution description and importance of tomato
Although indeterminate plants appear to have a single
main stem, this is actually not the case.
The growth of the primary shoot ends with the formation
of the first flower.
Upward growth continues because the last leaf initiated
before the flower cluster (which actually grows to occupy
a position above the cluster) produces a side shoot.
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Evolution description and importance of tomato
This side shoot produces three more leaves before it terminates in a
flower cluster.
The process of initiating new growth from a side shoot of the last
leaf initiated before the flower cluster continues indefinitely, giving
the appearance of a main stem with a flower cluster between every
three leaves.
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Evolution description and importance of tomato
Leaf characters
The tomato plant has compound leaves. A
compound leaf is made up of leaflets which are
distributed along the leaf rachis.
While the entire leaf is connected to the stem by
the petiole, the leaflets are connected to the
rachis of the leaf by the petiolule.
Some of the leaflets on this leaf are compound
as well.
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Evolution description and importance of tomato
Flower character
Tomato plants have yellow flowers that, in full
bloom, are generally less than an inch in
diameter.
The flowers can occur in a simple or a complex
inflorescence.
Simple flowers can appear as well as simple
cymes and branched cymes.
The number of flowers that occur in an
inflorescence is dependent upon environmental
factors such as temperature.
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Flowers are borne in raecmose cyme and flower cluster is known as`
truss` and its position is auxiliary. Flowers are hermaphrodite, pendulous,
pentomerous and hypogynous. Stamens are 6 inserted on throat of
corolla tube and anthers are connivet around style.
Calyx: Gray in colour, 5-7 sepals, alternate with petals, persistent, valvate
aestivation.
Corolla: 5-7 petals, bright yellow in colour, alternate to sepals, valvate
aestivation.
Androecium: Stamens 5, greenish yellow, free at the base and united at
top. The anthers dehisce longitudinally.
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Evolution description and importance of tomato
Fruit Characteristics.
The tomato fruit is a classified botanically
as berry.
It is borne single or clusters with persistent
calyx.
Size varies from small cherry types with
only two divisions of the ovary (locules) to
large multi-locular beefsteak types.
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Two-locules wild types:
Examples are cherry tomatoes and processing (plum or pear) types.
Cherry tomatoes are small and round and grown only for fresh
market. Processing types are usually somewhat larger and can be
pear, plum or 'square-round' in shape.
Although most processing tomatoes are canned or processed into
sauces and condiments, small percentages are also sold fresh or as
'sun-dried' tomatoes.
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Evolution description and importance of tomato
Colour:
Fruit can be yellow, orange, pink, red, or even white.
The red color comes from the pigment lycopene while
the orange and yellow colors come from betacarotene
pigments.
Yellow and orange tomatoes are equal or higher in
nutrition to red tom atoes because lycopene has no
particular nutritional value while carotenoids are a
source of vitamin A.
Pink tomatoes have the same interior color as red
tomatoes but have a transparent rather than yellow
skin.
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Evolution description and importance of tomato
Shape:
Fresh market tomatoes range from round to oblate (flat-round) while
processing tomatoes are more elongated (oblong) or pear-shaped.
Breeders of processing tomatoes have developed oblong types with
squarer shoulders (called square-rounds) to resist crushing. Old tomato
cultivars are of many shapes and sizes, including ridged.
Seeds:
Numerous, round in shape, yellowish in colour, with adherence of
mucilaginous substance.
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Evolution description and importance of tomato
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Nutritive value:
 Tomatoes are now eaten freely throughout the world, and their consumption
is believed to benefit the heart, among other organs. They contain the carotene
lycopene,
 one of the most powerful natural antioxidants.
 In some studies, lycopene, especially in cooked tomatoes, has been found to
help prevent prostate cancer, but other research contradicts this claim.
 Lycopene has also been shown to improve the skin's ability to protect against
harmful UV rays.
 Natural genetic variation in tomatoes and their wild relatives has given a
genetic plethora of genes that produce lycopene, carotene, anthocyanin, and
other antioxidants
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Evolution description and importance of tomato
 Tomato varieties are available with double the normal vitamin C
(Doublerich), 40 times normal vitamin A (97L97), high levels of
anthocyanin (resulting in blue tomatoes), and two to four times the
normal amount of lycopene (numerous available cultivars with the high
crimson gene).
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Evolution description and importance of tomato
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy
74 kJ (18 kcal)
Carbohydrates
3.9 g
Sugars
2.6 g
Dietary fiber
1.2 g
Fat
0.2 g
Protein
0.9 g
Water
94.5 g
Vitamin A equiv.
42 μg (5%)
lutein
and 123 μg
zeaxanthin
Vitamin C
14 mg (17%)
Vitamin E
0.54 mg (4%)
Potassium
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237 mg (5%)
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Medicinal properties
Lycopene has also been shown to protect against oxidative damage
in many epidemiological and experimental studies.
In addition to its antioxidant activity, other metabolic effects of
lycopene have also been demonstrated.
The richest source of lycopene in the diet is tomato and tomato
derived products.
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Evolution description and importance of tomato
Tomato consumption has been associated with decreased risk of
breast cancer, head and neck cancers and might be strongly
protective against neurodegenerative diseases.
Tomatoes and tomato sauces and puree are said to help lower
urinary tract symptoms(BPH) and may have anticancer properties.
Tomato consumption might be beneficial for reducing cardiovascular
risk associated with type 2 diabetes.
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