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LEC 12 Conifers (Coniferphyta) FIELD BOTANY – Lecture 12 Dr. Donald P. Althoff Ferns & Club mosses GYMNOSPERMS Angiosperms Seed-bearing Vascular tissue GYMNOSPERMS divisions Coniferphyta ______ widely distributed Cycads Ginkgophyta tropics & subtropics ancient 1 sp. Gnetophyta “close” to angiosperms Cycads = Cycadophyta • Only one species native to North America: Zamia pumila • Dioecious pollen (male) & seed cones (female) are separate plants pollinated by _________, not wind • 10 genera, 140 species (not including palm trees which are angiosperms: monocots [Liliopsida]) Gingkoes = Ginkgophyta • Only one species present today: Ginkgo biloba (maidenhair tree) • Dioecious male & female (stink) trees • None native to North America • 1 genera, 1 species Gnetophytes = Gnetophyta • 12 species in North America: Ephedra • More closely related to angiosperms than any other gymnosperm • 3 genera, 70 species worldwide Nevada Jointfir (Ephedra nevadensis) • No “apparent” leaves…leaves are scale-like • Photosynthesis takes place in the _______ • ________—but produce small cones Flowering gnetophyte Welwitschia mirabilis [African desert GYMNOSPERM] Distinguishing characteristics of CONIFERS • “naked seeds”…borne on surface of cone scales or on stalks among leaves • All species are ________ vs. Angiosperms with a mix of woody & herbaceous) Kingdom Division Class Order Plantae Coniferphyta Pinopsida Pinales Families Pinaceae 1 pines, firs, & spruces Cupressaceae 2 cedars, cypress, junipers Taxaceae 3 yews Family TAXACEAE • All “evergreen” • Monoecious and dioecious • Leaves spirally arranged • Pollen dispersal by ______ • 3 genera, 7-10 species Family CUPRESSACEAE • All “evergreen” • Some monoecious, some dioecious • Leaves arranged spirally or in pairs (alternating at 900 angles or whorls) • Pollen dispersal by wind • 18 genera, 140 species Family PINACEAE • _______________________ • Usually in temperate climates • • • • • • All “evergreen” except Larix & Pseudolarix Monoecious Needle-like leaves Female cones ________ than male cones Pollen dispersal by ______ 11 genera, 220-250 species Family PINACEAE: Vegetative Morphology Know for final long shoot needle leaf Family PINACEAE: Spur Shoot & Fascicle needle leaf sheath _______ scale leaf ________________________ Pines Male & Female Gametophyte Systems Thus, monecious—even on same branch ________________ FEMALE CONE - OVULATE 3 yr 2 yr 1 yr ________________ MALE CONE – STAMINATE…pollen source REGIONAL CONIFERS Classification (partial listing) P P P P P P P P P P P P C C C 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Norway spruce (Picea abies) Colorado (blue) spruce (Picea pungens) White spruce (Picea glauca) Virginia (scrub) pine (Pinus virginiana) White pine (Pinus strobus) Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) Red pine (Pinus resinosa) Pitch pine (Pinus ridiga) Scotch (Scots) pine (Pinus sylvestris) Jack pine (Pinus banksiana)* Eastern hemlock (Tsuga Canadensis) Eastern larch (Tamarack) (Larix laricina) Bald cypress (Taxodium distichum) Eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) Eastern arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis) Division Class Order Family Coniferophya Pinopsida Pinales Pinaceae “Pine” P Cupressaceae – “Cypress” C Needles per fascicle 3 1 E. Hemlock & spruces 5 2 White pine Virginia pine Pitch pine Know for final TYPICAL NEEDLES PER FASCICLE (length) Regional Pines (partial listing) 2 (<3 in.) Virginia (scrub) pine (Pinus virginiana) 5 (3-5 in.) White pine (Pinus strobus) 2 (3-8 in.) Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) 2 (3-8 in.) Red pine (Pinus resinosa) 3 (3-5 in.) Pitch pine (Pinus ridiga) 2 (<3 in.) Scotch (Scots) pine (Pinus sylvestris) 2 (3/4-3 in.) Jack pine (Pinus banksiana) Pterophyta Ferns & Club mosses Lycopodiophyta Gymnosperms Angiosperms Seed-bearing Vascular tissue Kingdom Division Class Order Know for Plantae Lycopodiophyta Lycopodiopsida Lycopodiales final 1 Family Lycopodiaceae – “the club mosses” Ground Pine Lycopodium dendroideum Ground Pine may indicate • Cool ______________ climates • Fresh & moist soils • _______________ soils • Compacted soils • Also…. • Mid-seral stage species (10-30 yr old stands)