Transcript Power Point Notes

Forestry
Coniferous: cone bearing trees that
keep their leaves all year round.
Examples include Spruce and Pine.
Coniferous trees account for 63% of
forests.
Deciduous: trees that lose their leaves
every fall/winter. Deciduous trees
account for 22% of forests.
Mixed Forests: these are forests that
contain both coniferous and deciduous
trees. Mixed forests account for 15% of
forests in Canada.
*** Remember: Coniferous Keep and
Deciduous Drop
Forest Facts
Forests cover ½ of Canada’s total area
 63% of our forests are composed of
coniferous trees
 22% are composed of deciduous trees
 15% are mixed forest
 Only Russia and Brazil have more forest

Commercial vs. Non–Commercial forests
Commercial forests – those that have
trees that can be harvested (cut down for
$)
Non-Commercial Forests – those that
are unlikely to be cut down for industrial
use
What determines whether a forest is commercial
or non-commercial?
Commercial Forests
 they exist in warm/wet areas of Canada
where the trees grow faster (southern
areas)
 Close to road, railways and waterways –
good for transportation
Non-commercial Forests
 Cooler/dryer climates make the trees grow
slower (northern area)
 Far from markets – expensive
transportation

Look at the map of Canada’s forest
regions on page 300

On your map of Canada, please describe
what types of forestry are occurring in
each province
◦ Commercial vs. non commercial
◦ Sawmills vs Pulp and paper
Pulp and Paper Industry

The pulp and paper industry contains
huge factories that break down trees into
individual fibers and turns them into
paper products.
Lumber Industry
• Sawmills are a much smaller operation than a
pulp and paper mill.
• These plants cut trees into smaller pieces in
order to make timber, plywood, or cedar
singles.
Pulp and paper Mills

There are pulp and paper mills in most Canadian
provinces, however the majority of them are
located in Ontario and Quebec.

Pulp and paper requires the trees to be
completely broken down.
◦ This requires a great deal of energy.

Less energy will be used if the trees being broken
down are a smaller size.
◦ Trees in Ontario and Quebec are smaller because of
the shorter growing season and low levels of
precipitation.
Sawmills

The majority of sawmills are located in BC.

Sawmills like to use large trees.
◦ The larger the tree, the more lumber it can
produce.

The largest trees in the country are found in
BC due to the narrow temperature range and
heavy precipitation.
TYPES OF LOGGING
Observe the pictures on the
following slides and write down a
description of what you see in the
boxes in your booklet.
Describe what you see
Describe what you see
Selective Cutting
Harvesting only
mature trees of the
desired size, type and
quality
 Much less disruptive
to the forest
environment
 Costly process – costs
more $$ and takes
more time to collect
enough trees.
 No replanting needed

Shelter Wood Logging
Involves clear cutting
only parts of an old
growth forest
 Groups of seed bearing
trees are left behind so
that they will
regenerate the area.

◦ No replanting is
necessary.


Not as efficient, don’t
get as many trees.
The forest will only be
partially uniform.
Clear Cutting

Loggers remove all trees
◦ The majority of logging
companies use this method.
The area is replanted
 The new forest grows up
uniformly (same species,
size and age of trees) –
makes for easy logging
next time
 Fastest and cheapest
method

Acid Rain
Acid precipitation is caused by the
emissions from factories in the industrial
sector.
 Acid rain causes injury, slower growth and
death in trees.

◦ Trees may not grow as fast because the soil is
full of acid which degrades the soil.
◦ Leaves and needles will turn brown and
eventually fall off.
Pests and Diseases
The amount of forest damaged every year
by pests and diseases is greater than the
amount harvested by companies.
 Some of the more common pests are tent
caterpillars, pine beetles and gypsy moth.
 Pests can get inside the bark and eat away
at the tree.

Forest Fires
Forest fires are not always a bad thing.
 New trees are able to regenerate quickly
in a burned forest.

◦ The cones from some pine trees are better
able to open with some heat. The fire allows
them to do this and this will cause the seeds
to fall out of the cones.