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Department of Biological Sciences
Dr. Kirsten Fisher
Medical Ethnobotany Bio 454L – Fall 2010
Harold Giron, Gary Liu, Wilson Liu, Bertha Martin
Silybum marianum
“Milk Thistle”
Taxonomy
oKingdom: Plantae
oDivision: Magnoliophyta
oClass: Magnoliopsida
oOrder: Asterales
oFamily: Asteraceae
oGenus: Silybum
oSpecies:marianum
oMilk thistle; Mary Thistle, Mariam Thistle
oRelated to daisies.
Facts
oNative to Southern Europe through Asia.
oAn invasive weed in America.
oCharacterized by sharp leaves and purple
flower.
oDrought tolerant and thrives in well drained
soil, exposed to full sun.
oSeeds harvested 2-3 weeks after flowering.
Thistledown
oHelp thy liver
oRomans and Greeks used ripe seeds to
treat ailments
oCirrhosis, jaundice, hepatitis
oGall bladder
oDelicious
oStalks and roots edible
oDespined leaves a spinach substitute
oRoasted seeds a coffee substitute.
oFlowers eaten artichoke-style
oProtection
oAssists liver and spleen
oTreats varicose veins and menstrual
difficulty.
oTreats rosacea, a skin disorder
oUV protection
oMushroom poisoning
oAmanita “death-cap” poisoning
prevention
Chemistry
oSilymarin is the active compound.
oA complex of 4 molecules:
oSilybin, Isosilybin, Silychristin, Silydianin
oProtects liver cells by blocking toxins from entering
cell and removing toxins from cell
oPotential to assist chemotherapy
oSlow/stop growth of cancerous cells
oHelp repair liver tissue
Clinical and Preclinical Research
oAntioxidant properties
oStrengthen cell walls
oStimulate enzymes protecting the body
oBlocking attack of free radical
oPotential anti-cancer properties
oProstate, breast, cervical cancers
oReduced side-effects of chemotherapy
oFewer symptoms and better quality of life for
cirrhosis, hepatitis, disorders of bile ducts
Silymarin
Dosing: 230-600mg/day, 2-3 doses.
Side-effects
oLaxative, nausea, heartburn, upset stomach.
Vinca Minor
Introduction: Vinca Minor
Taxonomy:
Kingdom: Plantae-Plants
Subkingdom: Tracheobionta-Vascular plants
Superdivision: Spermatophyta-Seed plants
Division: Magnoliophyta-Flowering plants
Class: Manoliopsida-Dicotylendons
Subclass: Asteridae
Order: Gentianales
Family: Apocynaceae-Dogbane family
Genus: Vinca L.-Periwinkle
Species: Vinca minor L.- Common periwinkle
Description:
Vinca minor/common periwinkle, is a perennial
evergreen ground cover that is winter hardy.
Usually never exceeds more than 6” height.
Waxy leaves help with shade.
Small blue flowers occur between AprilSeptember (pink and white flowers also)
Vinca Minor-Habitat
Vinca Minor is native to Europe and Western Asia, but was brought over to the
United States and now grows in certain areas of the United States and
Canada!
•Culture:
•Prefers Partial Shade
•Heat and Sunlight tend to
cause yellowing of plant
•Best soil is moist, welldrained and fertile
•Relatively adapts to many
soils
•Commonly used in
landscapes:
•Northeastern U.S.
•For erosion control
•As a filler around other
plants
•For show of their blue
flowers
Vinca Minor- Active Compounds
Documented
Properties&
Actions:
Analgesic, amebicide, antibiotic, antibacterial, cardiotonic, cholagogue, digestive,
emmenagogue, febrifuge, hypotensive, laxative, pectoral, stomachic, vermifuge
Plant
Chemicals
Include:
(+)-quebrachamine, 1,2-dehydroaspidospermidine, 3-beta-glucosyloxy- 2-hydroxybenzoicacid, 10-methoxy-deacetylakuammiline, 11-methoxy- eburnamonine, 11-methoxyvincamine,
14-epivincamine, 16-methoxy-20- oxo-1-vincadifformine, 16-methoxyminovincinine, 20hydroxyvincamine, alkaloids, beta-sitosterol, caoutchouc, dambonitol, deacetylakuammiline,
delphinidin-3,5-diglycoside, dimethoxy-eburnamonine, eburnamenine, eburnamine,
eburnamonine, epipleiocarpamine-n(4)-oxide, epivincamine, gentisinic-acid, intybin,
isoburnamine, isovincamine, kaempferol-3- rhamnosylgalactoside-7-galactoside, l-bornesitol,
l-glutamate-carboxylase, methoxyminovincine, minorine, minovinceine, minovincine,
minovincinine, minovine, myricetin-3-robinobioside-7-rhamnoside, n(1)-methyl-2beta, 16betadihydroakuammicine, n(4)-methochloride, n-methyl- quebrachamine, nmethylaspidospermine, o-protocatechuic-acid, ornol, p-coumaric-acid, p-hydroxybenzoic-acid,
perivincine, picrinine, protocatechuic-acid, pubesceine, quercetin-3-rhamnoglucoside-7-betaglucoside, quercetin-3-robinobioside-7-rhamnoside, reserpine, robinin, robinoside, saponin,
strictamine, tannin, triacontane, ursolic-acid, vanillic-acid, vincadifformine, vincadine,
vincamedine, vincamidine, vincamine, vincaminine, vincaminoreine, vincaminoridine,
vincaminorine, vincanorine, vincareine, vincarorine, vincatine, vincesine, vincine, vincinine,
vincoridine, vincorine, vincoside, vincristine, vinine, vinomine, vinoxine, vintsine
Note: For simplicity, the most important or active compounds are Indole Alkaloids and
Tannins
Pharmacology
Indolealkaloids (0.15-1.4%): chief alkaloid vincamine
(eburnamine-tyoe, 25-65%), including as well vincine,
apovincamine, vincadifformin. Flavonoids: including
kempferol-3-O-rhamnoside-7O-galactoside, kempferol-3-Orhamoglucoside-2-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-Orhamnoglucoside-7-O-glucoside.
EFFECTS: The alkaloid vincamine is hypotensive, negatively
chronotrophic, spasmolytic, hypoglycemic and sympatholytic.
Scientifically validated studies on the hypotensive effect on
humans have not yet been carried out.
INDICATIONS AND USEAGE: Not yet proven uses: Periwinkle is
used internally for circulatory disorders, cerebral circulatory
impairment and support for the metabolism of the brain. It is
also used internally for loss of memory, hypertension, cystitis,
gastritis and enteritis, diarrhea, raised blood sugar levels and
to help weaning. Periwinkle is used externally for sore throats,
nose bleeds, bruising, abscesses, eczema and to stop
bleeding.Homeopathic Uses: Periwinkle is used for weeping
eczema and bleeding mucous membranes.
Usage around the World
• Europe: carminative, depurative,
diuretic, emetic, hemostat,
hypertension, scurvy
• Turkey: astringent, depurative,
diuretic, hemostat, lactogogue, tonic
• Elsewhere in the World:
astringent, bactericide, collyrium,
diarrhea, dysentery, hypertension,
Lactifuge, menorrhagia, phthisis,
pile , scalp, sedative, skin,
Spasmolytic, tea, tonic, tumor
(uvula)
Dosage and PreCautions
Tea: 2-3 cups daily (better is drank after
meals)
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or
every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3
times daily (chronic)
Only $9.95 on Amazon
Dosage and PreCautions
• Gastrointestinal complaints and skin
irritation!
• Overdose: Severe blood pressure drop is
a side affect of over dosage!
Glycyrrhiza glabra
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Glycyrrhiza glabra is also known as “sweet root,”
“sweet wood,” and “liquorice/licorice”
Glycyrrhiza is derived from the ancient Greek term
“glykos,” meaning sweet, and “rhiza,” meaning root
A member of the pea (Febacea) plant family
A perennial herb that grows 1.2 – 1.5 meters in height
and has pinnate leaves about 5-7 cm in length
Native to Southeastern Europe and cultivated in most
of Europe. It also grows in some regions of Asia.
The licorice plant’s flower varies in color, from lilac
to light blue and produces seeded pods of 2-3 cm in
length on its branches
Prefers open, dry areas with rich soil
Liquorice roots are long, cylindrical pieces of wood
that grow horizontally underground. They are also
brown on the outside and yellow on the inside
Glycyrrhiza glabra: Ethnobotanical Uses
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Liquorice Root has a long, rich history of medicinal use by
cultures worldwide, including the Greeks, Egyptians, Chinese, and
Hindus
It was also highly treasured in ancient Egypt, and when King
Tutankhamen died, he was buried with a supply of licorice root
Greeks prescribed Liquorice Root for treating gastric and peptic
ulcers
Liquorice Root has been recommended to soothe coughs, colds,
and symptoms of bronchitis
In traditional Chinese medicine, liquorice is commonly used in
herbal formulas to “harmonize” the other ingredients by balancing
the 12 regular meridians and to relieve a spasmodic cough
In China, Liquorice Root has also been used to promote vitality,
treat heart palpitations, and boost the spleen
In India, Liquorice Root has been used in traditional Ayurvedic
medicine for the relief of constipation, swelling of the joints, and
peptic ulcers
Glycyrrhiza glabra: Medicinal Uses
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Active Ingredient: Glycyrrhizin (Glycyrrhizic Acid)
Licorice extract is produced by boiling liquorice roots, followed by
evaporation of the water
The dried rhizome and root of the liquorice is used for medicinal
purposes
Glycyrrhizin is also a sweetener that is between 30-50 times as
sweet as sucrose, and also has pharmaceutical effects
Studies have demonstrated that glycyrrhizin decreases
inflammation, aids in secretion of mucous, soothes irritation, acts as
an anti-viral, and protects the stomach and gastrointestinal tract
Glycyrrhizin and Glycyrrhizic Acid have been shown to inhibit
growth of numerous RNA and DNA viruses: including Hepatitis A
and C, Herpes Zoster, HIV, and Herpes Simplex
Liquorice Root also contains a Glabridin Flavonoid, which promotes
the activity of the adrenal glands by controlling cortisol production
Also contains Glycyrrhetinic Acid, an antioxidant that is also a
strong anti-inflammatory and anti-irritant
Liquorice Root also contains a Triterpenoid Saponin, which can aid
in the absorption of nutrients
Glycyrrhiza glabra: Recent Literature
• Memory and Learning Enhancing Activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra in Mice
(2004)
Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties of liquorice may be
contributing favorably to the memory enhancement effect, due to
facilitation of cholinergic-transmission in mice brain.
• Antidepressant-like Activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra in Mouse Models (2006)
Anti-depressant-like effect of liquorice extract mediated by increase
of brain norepinephrine and dopamine, but not by increase of
serotonin.
Prunus Armeniaca
China, Himalayan region, temperate
zones of Asia, Europe.
Also seen in India back in 3000 B.C.
In many parts of the world
including; Turkey, the US –
California, Washington, Utah and
widely spread throughout Australia.
Prunus armeniaca
Ethnobotanical uses:
Parts used:
Wilted leaves,
stonefruit (containing
the seed) and bark
Active Compound:
Cyanogenic glycoside
(Amygdalin)
Laetrile
To treat:
Cancers
Prunus armeniaca
Medicinal uses:
In England – in the 17th century used for tumors and
ulcers
In Europe – an aphrodisiac and childbirth inducer
In China – to treat cough, asthma, wheezing, excessive
mucus, constipation,
- Detoxify, thirst quencher
- Vaginal infections
In the West - constipation relief
Pharmaceutical:
- Used in facial product
Did ya know? Did ya? Huh,
did ya? That:
• Family Rosaceae
• Roses are characterized by a 5 sepals
and 5 petals.
• The Apricot (edible part) forms from the
Carpel part of the flower. (Stigma, style,
ovary, ovule-seed).
• As part of this family we also have:
– Plums, peaches, apples, berries,
cherries…etc.
Group’s References
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http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/cam/milkthistle/Patient/page2/print
http://blog.pharmacymix.com/silymarin-milk-thistle-and-skin
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silybum_marianum
http://www.medicinenet.com/milk_thistle_silybum_marianum-oral/article.htm
http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=38413
http://www.rain-tree.com/periwinkle.htm
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
http://www.shoppingedge.com/Periwinkl
http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/v/vinmin/vinmin1.html
http://plants.usda.gov
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=GLGL
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/881.html
http://www.medicinenet.com/licorice_glycyrrhiza_glabra-oral/article.htm
http://naturalmedicine.about.com/od/herbs/licorice.htm
Dhingra, Dinesh et. al. 2006. “Antidepressant-like activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. in mouse
models of immobility tests.” Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 30:
449-454.
Parle, Milind et. a. 2004. “Memory enhancing activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra in mice.” Journal of
Ethnopharmacology 91: 361-365
Chang, H.K., Shin, M. S., Yang, H.Y., Lee. J.W., KIM, Y.S., LEE, M.H., KIM, J., KIM, K.H. and
KIM, C.J. 2006 Amygdalin Induces Apoptosis through Regulation of Bax and Bcl-2 Expressions in
Human DU145 and LNCaP Prostate Cancer Cells. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 29(8) 1597—1602.
http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+armeniaca
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_armeniaca
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=PRAR3
http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/a/apric050.html
Pharmaceutical Press, Herbal Medicines 1986.