Transcript HM1_PowerPoint_Respiratory_system

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Malabar Nut was first introduced to Europe in
1699.
In Sanskrit botany this shrub is named Lion’s
Muzzle and Stallion’s Tooth after the shape
and colour of its flowers.
It is used as an abortifacient in local Indian
villages.
Traditional healers in India ground the leaves
with the flowers of Hibiscus and use them
orally to treat asthma.
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Anti-inflammatory  Potent anti-inflammatory
effects have been demonstrated for the alkaloid
fraction and shown to be equivalent to that of
hydrocortisone.
Bronchodilator and anti-asthma activity  Both
vasicine and vasicinone possess in vitro and in vivo
bronchodilatory activity and inhibit allergeninduced bronchial obstruction.
After oral in vivo administration the antitussive
activity of AV was similar to codeine against
coughing induced by irritants. (Dhuley,JN. 1999, `Antitussive effect of
Adhatoda 6asica extract on mechanical or chemical stimulation-induced coughing in animals’, Journal
of Ethnopharmacology, vol.67, pp.361-354)
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Adhatoda vasica is used in Ayurveda for
coughs, asthma, and bronchitis.
(Badmaev, Vladimir,
and Muhammed Majeed. Care and Protection of the Respiratory Tract. Health
Supplement Retailer, October 1996, pp. 34-38)
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The antitussive activity of an Adhatoda
vasica
extract
was
assessed
in
anaesthetized guinea pigs and rabbits and
in unanaesthetized guinea pigs. The extract
was shown to have an antitussive activity
similar to codeine in cough induced by
irritant
aerosols
.
(http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/342-vasaka)
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Traditionally, a juice made from the leaves has been
used internally for night blindness.
It is believed that Albizia received its name because
Filipo del Albizi, an 18th Century Florentine
nobleman, introduced its species into cultivation. It
has been used in Ayurvedic medicine for many years
and is still a popular treatment for asthma, allergy
and eczema.
Overall, little evidence is available
and much information is speculative
and based on in vitro and animal
research.
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Anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory:
◦ Inhibits the release of histamine by mast cells in
vitro
(Amella, M., Bronner, C., Briancon, F. 1985, ‘Inhibition of mast cell histamine release by
flavonoids and bioflavonoids’, Planta Medica, vol. 51, pp. 16-20)
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Has been shown to increase appetite, relieves
abdominal distension and improves liver function
(Heinrich et al. 2004)
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Dried roots are effective against staphylococci,
cholera, dysentery, pneumococci and influenza
virus……. Baicalein is a potent free radical
scavenger giving cardioprotective and hypotensive
effects in vitro ….. with therapeutic effects on
arteriosclerosis (Huang, Y., Tsang, SY., Yao, X., Chen, ZY. 2005, ‘Biological
properties of baicalein in cardiovascular system’, Current drug targets. Cardiovascular &
haematological disorders, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 177-184).
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Has been shown to inhibit prostate cancer growth
in both laboratory and clinical studies (Bonham, M., Posakony, J.,
Coleman, I., Montgomery, B., Simon, J., Nelson, PS. 2005, ‘Characterisation of chemical constituents in
Scutellaria baicalensis with antiandrogenic and growth-inhibitory activities towards prostate
carcinoma’, Clinical Cancer Research, vol. 11, no. 10, pp. 3905-14)
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Scutellaria baicalensis selectively and effectively
inhibits cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo and
can be an effective chemotherapeutic agent for
head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (Zhang, DY., Wu, J.,
Ye, F., Xue, L., Jiang, S., Yi, J., Zhang, W., Wei, H., Sung, M., Wang, W., Li,X. 2003, ‘Inhibition of cancer
cell proliferation and prostaglandin E2 synthesis by Scutellaria baicalensis’ Cancer Research, vol. 63,
no.14, pp. 4037-43).
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Constituents have been shown to inhibit IgE
antibody mediated allergic reactions in mice (Braun &
Cohen, 2005, p.77)
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Despite
its
fame,
little
scientific
investigation has been conducted. However,
Berger (2005) has reported that
◦ The traditional water extract used by the
European
colonists
contains
the
polysaccharides of the plant, which may
be important for the full effects of host
resistance against viruses.
◦ Two trials have shown an increase in
phagocytosis from various extracts of
boneset, including the water-soluble
polysaccharides.
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Has been considered the primary treatment for acute
influenza in the Eastern United States at least since
the mid 1700’s and was the favourite of American
physician-herbalists in the great influenza epidemic
of 1916-1918. (Berger, P. 2005, ‘Antiviral Botanicals in Herbal Medicine’, Medical Herbalism, vol.14, iss.3,
pp.1-12)
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Has been traditionally used as a topical treatment for
herpes viral infection.
In addition to acute influenza, boneset was also
used for intermittent fever from the late 18th
through to the early 20th centuries in North American
medicine. Because such fevers can
have many causes, or infectious agents,
this suggests the effect could be to
enhance host resistance. (Berger 2005)
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Boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum) was used in
illnesses causing pain such that 'patients felt... their
bones were breaking.' It was said to fit symptoms of
more flu cases than any other single remedy, and one
doctor reported that many cases were averted by early
use. (Abascal K, Yarnell E. Herbal treatments for pandemic influenza Altern Complement Therapies.
2006:214-221).
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In mouse studies, it is an immunostimulant. It contains
eupatorin, an antioxidant flavone that modulates
inflammation.
It belongs to a plant group which produces
hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids, but is considered
safe for short-term use.
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Malaria is one of the most important parasitic
diseases in the world and a major public health
problem because of emerging drug-resistant
strains of Plasmodium. We found significant
inhibitory effect on parasite multiplication with
Eupatorium perfoliatum. (Lira-Salazari,G., Marines-Montiel,E., TorresMonzo,J., Herbandez-Herna,F., Salas-Benito,JS. 2006, `Effects of homeopathic medications Eupatorium
perfoliatum and Arsenicum album on parasitemia of Plasmodium berghei-infected mice’,
Homoeopathy, vol.95, pp.223-228)
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The cytotoxic and antibacterial activity of an
ethanol extract of leaves boneset (Eupatorium
perfoliatum), was investigated. The extract showed
potent cytotoxicity. The extract showed a weak
antibacterial activity against gram-positive test
organisms (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus
megaterium). (HAbtemarium,S & Macpherson,AM. 2000, `Cytotoxicity and antibacterial
activity of ethanol extract from leaves of a herbal drug, boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum)’,
Phytotherapy Research, vol. 14, issue.7, pp.575-7)
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The word Elder comes from the Anglo-Saxon word
aeld meaning 'fire'. The tree has been called 'the
medicine chest of the common people' and has been
used in traditional folk medicine for centuries. The
generic name Sambucus occurs in the writings of
Pliny, and is adapted from the Greek word Sambuca,
'an ancient musical instrument made from the wood
of the tree'.
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Many cultures felt this tree was so special that they
refused to burn the wood or use it to make furniture,
lest it bring bad luck to the household. It was planted
by homes to protect the house from lightning, bring
prosperity, happy marriage and healthy children, and
protect from evil.
Egyptians discovered that
improved the complexion
applying
its
flowers
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The Greeks used a tea from the root as a
laxative
In the 17th century the British often drank
home made wine and cordials that were
thought to prolong life and cure the
common cold
Many early Indian tribes used Elder berries
in teas and other beverages and the flowers
for medicinal purposes
Gypsies used Elder flowers as an eyewash
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Judas was thought to have hanged himself from an
Elder Tree
In the Middle Ages it was thought that the Elder tree
was home to witches (in Denmark a 'dryad') and that
cutting down the tree would bring on the wrath of
those residing in the branches
There is evidence in Switzerland and Italy that
Elderberry was cultivated by prehistoric man and
recipes for Elderberry-based medicines have been
found in records dating back to Ancient Egypt.
Shakespeare refers to it as a 'symbol of grief'.
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The Russians and the English believe that
Elder trees ward off evil spirits
Sicilians think that sticks of Elder wood can
kill serpents and drive away thieves
It is used at weddings to bring good luck to
the newlyweds
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Berger (2005), states that
◦ Elderberry and elder flower have long traditional
use in
 febrile illness, including influenza
 As an alterative in chronic conditions
◦ Recent research has shown it to be very effective
clinically against influenza. It has been shown to
inhibit at least 10 strains of influenza virus in
vitro.
◦ Its
mechanism
remains
unknown
but
enhancement of the host resistance is probably
the most important function it has.
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A multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled study
of 60 Norwegian adults who had influenza A or B and
had been suffering from symptoms for 48 hours or
less, demonstrated that a standardised extract of
Elderberry (Sambucol) administered as a syrup,
shortened the severity and duration of the influenza.
Treatment resulted in significant improvement in
symptoms after 3 – 4 days, as opposed to 7 – 8 days
in the placebo group. The symptoms addressed
included aches and pains, frequency of coughing,
quality of sleep, mucous discharge in the respiratory
tract and nasal congestion.
The use of medications such as paracetamol and nasal
spray was significantly reduced in the treatment
group compared to the placebo group.
No adverse effects were reported.
(Elerberry and nutrients for the
treatment of colds and flus, Practitioner Technical Information, Nutrimedicine 2008)
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In an earlier study carried out by the same
researchers
Sambucol
brought
about
symptom improvement in a small group of
patients with influenza B Panama infection.
Symptoms included headaches, myalgia,
fever, malaise, fatigue and rhinitis.
Complete cure was achieved in 2 – 3 days in
nearly 90% of the treated group compared
to at least 6 days in the placebo group.
(Elerberry
and nutrients for the treatment of colds and flus, Practitioner Technical Information, Nutrimedicine 2008)
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Traditional
use
of
Elderberry
and
conclusions drawn by in vitro research are
supported by clinical studies which
demonstrated its effectiveness against
influenza A and B. Research indicates that it
has
antiviral
and
possibly
immune
enhancing
activities.
The
ability
of
Elderberry to inhibit a wide range of
influenza viruses from both humans and
animals suggests that it may be effective
against mutated viruses making it an
extremely valuable medicine in the event of
another influenza or an influenza pandemic.
(Elerberry and nutrients for the treatment of colds and flus, Practitioner Technical Information, Nutrimedicine
2008)
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Used for generations as a medicinal tea, only recently
has it been determined that elderberry contains
viburnic acid which induces perspiration and aids in
detoxifying the body tissues. As such, it can help
reduce fever, purify the blood, and cleanse cells. (Herb
Clip online 2009)
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As a blood and cell purifier, it can be used as a spring
tonic. (Herb Clip online 2009)
Historically, most parts of the elder flower have been
used medicinally: stems, leaves, berries, and flowers.
The bark can be used as a purgative. Elder leaves are
made into ointments to ease bruising and heal
wounds. (Herb Clip online 2009)
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Elder flower water was used by women as a skin
tonic and to keep the skin free of freckles,
blemishes, and sunburn. A hot infusion of elder
flowers and peppermint taken at night during the
first sign of flu symptoms was used to produce
sweating and a peaceful night's sleep. (Herb Clip online 2009)
A lotion was also made from the flowers and was
said to aid in healing boils and other skin
afflictions, ease headaches when placed on the
temples, and keep insects at bay. (Herb Clip online 2009)
The berries can be made into wine, cordials, and
jams. Cordials were used for colds and cough as
well as bronchitis. The wine, used warm, eased
chills and, used with cinnamon, helped with
asthma. (Herb Clip online 2009)
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Pregnancy category: B2
Lactation category: C
Constituents include flavonoids,
triterpenes and an essential oil.
phenolic
acids,
Elderberry has almost 5 times as many anthocyanins
as blueberries and twice the overall antioxidant
capability of cranberries. (www.blackelderberry.info/id=415 )
Adulterations:
Sambucus
nigra
flowers
may
occasionally be adulterated with Sambucus ebulus.
The leaf, fruit and root of S.ebulus are used
therapeutically,
but
are
not
medicinally
interchangeable with Sambucus nigra.
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The name Elecampane is a corruption of Enula
campana as it grew wild in Campania. The Latin
inula is thought to be from the Greek Helenion,
Latin Helenium.
Helena of Troy was supposed to have been holding
the plant when Paris kidnapped her. The plant
sprang from Helena's tears. The plant's name
comes from the island of Helena where is grows
abundantly.
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In ancient times, the root was used both as a
medicine and as a condiment
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In England it was used as an aromatic tonic and
stimulant of the secretory organs.
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As a drug, the root is often used in
veterinary practice.
In France and Switzerland it is used in the
manufacture of absinthe.
In the 18th century Elecampane was used:
◦ 'to excite the urine'
◦ 'to loosen the belly'
◦ 'to resist the poison of venomous serpents
and stay the spreading of poison
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Pregnancy category: B2  the BHP (1992) lists it as
contraindicated during pregnancy. However, it is
indicated for threatened abortion in TCM (1997)
Lactation category: SD  it contains a
sesquiterpene lactone alantolactone, which is a
contact allergen
Be wary in patients with known hypersensitivity to
the Compositae family
Large doses can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea,
stomach cramps, rash and symptoms of paralysis.
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The name "Euphorbia" comes from a Greek
surgeon named Euphorbus, who supposedly
used the milky latex of these plants in his
potions.
Euphorbia spp. produce a latex which has
often been used in Africa in arrow poison.
The constituents responsible for this irritant
property are the diterpene esters.
The latex of the fresh plant has caused
contact dermatitis, and is particularly
obvious in gardeners who pull the weed out
of their lawns.
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The ethanolic extracts of the aerial parts of
Euphorbia
hirta
were
tested
for
antimicrobial activity. They exhibited a
broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity,
particularly against Escherichia coli, Proteus
vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and
Staphylococcus aureus. (Sudhaker,M., Rao CV., Rao,PM., Raiu,DB.,
Venkateswarlu,Y. 2006, `Antimicrobial activity of Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Euphorbia hirta and
Asystasia gangeticum’, Fitoterapia, vol.77, issue.5, pp.378-80)
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The aqueous leaf extract of Euphorbia hirta
decreased the gastrointestinal motility in
normal rats and decreased the effect of
castor oil-induced diarrhoea in mice. (Hore,SK.,
Ahuia,V., Mehta,G., Kumar,P., Pandey,SK., Ahmad,AH. 2006, `Effect of aqueous Euphorbia hirta leaf
extract on gastrointestinal motility’, Fitoterapia, vol.77, no.1, 99.35-8)
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Adverse reactions, interactions and toxicology
((Mills, S & Bone, K. 2005,
“The Essential Guide to Herbal Safety”, Churchill Livingstone, Missouri)
◦ Pregnancy category: B2
◦ Lactation category: C  in Ayurvedic
medicine, it is administered to nursing
mothers as a galactagogue
◦ Prepare as a decoction as it is irritant to the
stomach if given without boiling
◦ May be confused with Euphorbia parviflora
or Euphorbia indica
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The flower of Eyebright, also known as Euphrasia
and Ocularia, somewhat resembles a bloodshot
eye, which may have been part of what led ancient
peoples to value this plant for eye problems.
An old French term for Eyebright was casselunettes, which means "break your glasses".
The genus name, Euphrasia, is derived from the
Greek Euphrosyne, who was one of the goddesses
of the Three Fates, and whose name means
"gladness". This refers to the gladness one felt
when his/her vision was improved from using this
herb.
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Eyebright was used primarily in the Middle
Ages as a tonic because of its astringent
properties
Eyebright no longer exists as a botanical
entity as it is now a combination of a
number of others. (Bone, K. 2004)
Pregnancy category: B2
Lactation category: C
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Goldenrod is also known by the names Blue
Mountain Tea, Yellow Weed, Aaron's Rod,
and Woundweed.
The genus name, Solidago, comes from the
Latin "solide", which means "to make
whole".
During the Boston Tea Party, when English
tea was dumped into the Boston Harbour,
Colonists drank Goldenrod tea instead,
which gave it the nickname "Liberty Tea".
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As a growing plant, Goldenrod is often
falsely accused of being an intensely
allergenic plant, because of its unfortunate
tendency to bloom brightly at the same
time as, and often in the same locations to,
the truly allergenic Ragweed. However, its
pollen is actually very heavy, and falls
quickly to the ground rather than becoming
airborne. Actual allergic reactions to this
plant are unusual.
Goldenrods are, in some places, held as a
sign of good luck or good fortune; but they
are considered weeds by some.
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Inventor Thomas Edison experimented with
goldenrod to produce rubber, which it contains
naturally. Edison created a fertilization and
cultivation process to maximize the rubber content
in each plant. His experiments produced a 12 foot
tall plant that yielded as much as 12 percent
rubber. The rubber produced through Edison's
process was resilient and long lasting. The tyres on
the Model T, given to him by his friend Henry Ford,
were made from goldenrod. Examples of the
rubber can still be found in his laboratory, elastic
and rot free after more than 50 years. However,
even though Edison turned his research over to the
U.S. government a year before his death, goldenrod
rubber never went beyond the experimental stage.
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Pregnancy category: B2
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Lactation category: C
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As Solidago virgaurea is becoming more difficult to
source, other species, such as Solidago giganteae
and Solidago canadensis are being used
commercially. However, the phenolic glycosides
that are the medically active components of
Solidago virgaurea have not been found to be in
these other 2 species and therefore the are not
regarded as being interchangeable.
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Grindelia resin was traditionally used by
Native Americans externally, in water
extracts and poultices. Tea made with G.
robusta flowering tops was used as a wash
for poison ivy and poison oak. Leaf
poultices were applied to running sores or
on "swellings." The flower decoction was
used for boils and wounds as well as poison
ivy. The leaf and root or flower top tea as a
wash for measles and a decocted antiseptic
wash are also among the uses mentioned.
Eclectic physicians also used grindelia
infusions on old ulcers and for chronic
eczema.
(Brinker F. 2006, Topical uses for Grindelia species, Journal of American Herbalists Guild.;6(2):6-
11)
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Alcohol extracts had very different uses
from traditional external ones. Grindelia
extract was "found especially useful" for
asthma, colds, bronchitis with cough, and
pertussis (whooping cough), if "full and
frequent doses" were taken.
(Brinker F. 2006, Topical uses for
Grindelia species, Journal of American Herbalists Guild.;6(2):6-11)
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Eclectic practitioners used the extract for
the treatment of itching of mosquito and
flea bites and as an antidote to poisonous
insect and reptile bites and stings.
(Brinker F. 2006,
Topical uses for Grindelia species, Journal of American Herbalists Guild.;6(2):6-11)
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Pregnancy category: B2
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Lactation category: C
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Hyssop is also known by the name Issopo.
This herb is native to Europe and temperate
Asia. Hyssop grows wild in warm countries with dry
soil, and is now cultivated in the warmer parts of
the United States. The part of this plant used
medicinally is the above ground portion.
The name Hyssop is derived from the Greek "azob"
and Hebrew "ezob", meaning "holy herb", as it was
once used in purifying places of worship.
Hyssop was well known in ancient Egypt, and is
mentioned in the Book of Exodus (scholars believe
the Hyssop of this reference was Origanum
aegyptiacum, rather than Hyssopus officinalis).
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Hyssop flowers are much relished by bees and
butterflies, especially since the plant has such a
long flowering season.
Hyssop is the herb-like fragrance used
Chartreuse, Benedictine, and other liqueurs.
in
Hyssop has been used since Biblical times ('Purge
me with Hyssop, and I shall be clean'): in
purification baths and rituals
In 17th century Europe, it was used as a strewing
herb to be walked upon, and to deter the spread of
infection.
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Licorice Root is also known by the names
Liquorice,
Yashtimadhu,
The
Great
Harmonizer,
Grandfather
Herb,
and
Sweetwood.
Licorice is a perennial herb native to
southern
Europe,
Asia
and
the
Mediterranean. It is extensively cultivated in
Russia, Spain, Iran and India, and is one of
the most popular & widely consumed herbs
in the world.
Ancient cultures on every continent have
used Licorice Root, the first recorded use by
the Egyptians in the 3rd century BC.
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The Egyptians and the Greeks recognized
the herb's benefits in treating coughs and
lung disease. Licorice was so valued in
ancient Egypt that even King Tutankhamen
was buried with a supply.
At one time in Germany, Licorice was a
more popular gift to give than chocolate as
it was reputed to sexually arouse women.
Other uses of Licorice include cattle and
horse feed.
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The constituent glycyrrhizin is 50 times
sweeter than sugar, making Licorice a
widely used ingredient in the food industry.
It constitutes 10 – 25% of licorice root
extract.
The distinctive flavour of Licorice Root
makes it a popular additive to baked
confections, liqueurs, ice cream and
candies.
It is also widely used in other medicines to
mask bitter tastes and also to prevent pills
from sticking together.
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Licorice Root was added to love sachets,
chewed on to make you passionate used as
an ingredient in spells to ensure fidelity
It is nearly always in Chinese herbal
preparations as it contains saponins which
help the water solubility of the other
components.
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Constituents:
◦ saponins, the most stiudied is glycyrrizin
(also known as glycyrrhizic acid or
glycyrrhizinic acid); flavonoids; sterols,
polysaccharides,
coumarins,
glucose,
sucrose, resin and volatile oil.
◦ As
with
most
plant
extracts,
the
concentration of constituents found between
batches is variable.
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Products: liquid extract,
tablets,
capsules,
tea,
confectionary
powdered
tincture,
root,
gum,
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Licorice root has demonstrated potent antiangiogenic and antitumour activity in
animal studies and memory enhancing
effects in mice. (Braun (2007) , Licorice, Journal of Complementary Medicine,
pp.59-61)
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A 2007 study in the USA has investigated a
novel way of using licorice with good
results. The study involved 46 people with
recurrent aphthous ulcers who used a
dissolving oral patch containing licorice had
significantly accelerated healing of the
ulcers and significantly lowered pain in the
treatment group compared to no-treatment
controls. (Braun (2007) , Licorice, Journal of Complementary Medicine, pp.5961)
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In summary, licorice has been used to (Braun (2007) ,
Licorice, Journal of Complementary Medicine, pp.59-61) :
◦ Relieve URT symptoms
◦ Treat infections such as bronchitis and
influenza
◦ Treat gastric and duodenal ulcers
◦ Aid in the treatment of long term
corticosteroid use
◦ Manage inflammatory conditions such as
rheumatoid arthritis
◦ As a gastroprotectant against drug induced
ulceration
◦ Topically as an antiviral, antibacterial and
anti-inflammatory agent
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Pregnancy category: 
◦ Even though some literature states that it is safe it
is best to avoid licorice extract during pregnancy
and lactation;
◦ excessive intake (as confectionary) should be
avoided. A study in 2001 involving 1049 Finnish
women and their babies found that heavy
glycyrrhizin exposure (500mg/week or greater) was
significantly associated with lower gestational age.
A follow up study with 95 Finnish women was
responsible for a more than 2 fold increase in the
risk of preterm delivery (<37 weeks).
◦ Women who are hypertensive during pregnancy
(preeclampsia) should avoid licorice
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High doses should not be taken for
prolonged periods of time as it contains
high
levels
of
saponins,
especially
glycyrrhizin.
If using licorice for long times, or a heavy
user of licorice confectionary, patients
should be placed on a high potassium and
low sodium diet and should be closely
monitored for blood pressure increases and
weight gain. This is because licorice causes
sodium retention and potassium loss, that
is, hypokalaemia.
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Special precautions should be taken with the elderly,
those with hypertension or cardiac, renal or hepatic
disease.
Do not prescribe at the same time as digoxin,
diuretics, laxatives and other potassium depleting
drugs.
◦ Diuretics and laxatives deplete the body fluids of
potassium
◦ The toxicity of digoxin and other cardiac glycosides
are enhanced by low serum potassium levels
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The intake of licorice may exaggerate the effects of a
high salt diet
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Care should be taken not to expose children to too
much licorice confectionary.
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Mullein Leaf is also known by the names
Velvet Dock, Witch's Candle, Aaron's Rod,
Velvet Plant, Verbascum Flowers, Woolen
Blanket Herb, Bullock's Lungwort, Flannel
Flower, Shepherd's Club, Pig Taper, Cow's
Lungwort, Hags Taper, Jupiter's Staff, Our
Lady's
Flannel,
Beggar's
Blanket,
Candlewick, Girl Scouts Toilet Paper, and
Lungwort.
The word Mullein is derived from a Middle
English
word
"moleyne",
meaning
"soft". The genus name Verbascum is a
corruption of the Latin "barbascum",
meaning "with beard". The species name
thapsus was an ancient town in what is now
Tunisia.
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The leaves of Mullein were fed to animals
that cough have been smoked to treat
asthma and bronchitis.
Also called "Grandmother's Flannel" for its
thick, soft leaves, Mullein is a common
wildflower native to much of Europe and
Asia, and can grow almost anywhere.
An old French expression "to plant
mulleins" meant "to work for nothing". The
plant has nonetheless been cultivated
worldwide for its medicinal properties.
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The tall stalks of this plant were once dipped
in tallow and lit as torches
The fuzz on the leaves was woven into
candle wicks.
However, the most widespread beliefs about
common mullein is that burning it protected
against evil spirits and demons. This belief
was widespread across western Christianity
and mullein was burnt during celebrations
on the second Sunday of Lent in France
("Dimanche des brandons").
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The leaves, though somewhat irritating, were
also worn in the shoes to improve circulation
to the feet and to buffer thinning soles.
The soft Mullein leaves have long been used
by children as doll blankets.
The seeds were once used by Native
Americans to paralyze fish and make them
easier to catch.
Mullein flowers are also made into an oil for
the treatment of frostbite, ringworm,
haemorrhoids and bruises.
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In 1897, an Englishman named Charles Stevens
went to South Africa hoping to cure himself of
tuberculosis. He consulted with a Basuto tribal
healer who gave him a decoction of a local
medicinal plant. Fully recovered, Charles Stevens
returned to England with his mysterious remedy-which became popular throughout Europe as
"Steven's Consumption Cure".
In 1920, a former missionary doctor, Adrien
Sechehaye, learned of Steven's cure. During the
next nine years he treated over 800 patients in
Switzerland with a homeopathic preparation of the
medicine.
In 1929 he published the medical case studies.
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But with the introduction of synthetic tuberculosis
drugs, Steven’s remedy became largely forgotten
in
Western
medicine--until
its
recent
"rediscovery" by European researchers.
What the Basuto healer gave Charles Stevens was
a traditional remedy made from the roots of
Pelargonium sidoides - a species of geranium
unique to South Africa.
Among the Zulu, the medicine was described as
"umKhulkane' (denoting respiratory infection) +
'uHlabo'
(roughly
meaning
chest
pain).
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Pleurisy Root, also known as Butterfly Weed,
Canada Root, Silkweed, Swallow Wort, Tuber
Root, Wind Root, Colic Root, and Orange
Milkweed, is native to North America.
It is a member of the milkweed family, but
does not produce the milky juice commonly
seen in its kin.
Pleurisy Root gets its name from its use as a
treatment for pleurisy by the Native
Americans.
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Medicinally, only the root is used. The root
is grey-brown and spindle-shaped with a
knotty crown.
The common name comes from the
butterflies that are attracted to the plant by
its colour and its copious production of
nectar. Butterfly weed is also the larval food
plant of the Queen butterfly.
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Pleurisy root is "a wonderful remedy for
respiratory infections," but is best suited for
chronic infections with stagnant and dry
phlegm, dry cough, and hot, dry skin. It
provides relief for those suffering from
pleurisy, as well as pneumonia, intercostal
rheumatism, asthma, and dry irritated cough.
Its benefit to serous membranes extends
beyond just the pleura and can also be of
benefit in pericarditis, peritonitis, and bursitis.
(Charles D. 2007, Monograph: Asclepias tuberosa. Journal of the American Herbalists Guild, 7(2):13-20)

The active constituents in Asclepias include
cardenolide glycosides, a subgroup of cardiac
glycosides
. (Charles D. 2007, Monograph: Asclepias tuberosa. Journal of the American Herbalists Guild, 7(2):13-
20)
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The plant also contains relatively high
amounts of flavonoids. The antioxidant
property of flavonoids, which has been
shown to be important in the recovery from
influenza and other respiratory viruses, may
explain the use of pleurisy root for these
conditions. Flavonoids may also be involved
in the herb's anti-inflammatory action
. (Charles D.
2007, Monograph: Asclepias tuberosa. Journal of the American Herbalists Guild, 7(2):13-20)

However, little is known about the
mechanisms by which pleurisy root acts
within the body.
(Charles D. 2007, Monograph: Asclepias tuberosa. Journal of the American
Herbalists Guild, 7(2):13-20)
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Pleurisy
root
is
contraindicated
in
pregnancy
because
of
its
uterinestimulating effects and in patients taking
drugs or herbs that contain cardiac
glycosides. In addition, caution is advised in
patients using diuretic drugs
. (Charles D. 2007, Monograph: Asclepias
tuberosa.

Journal
of
the
American
Herbalists
Guild,
7(2):13-20)
Pleurisy root is widely used for respiratory
problems. The Eclectics often used it in
pneumonia. In the pandemics they saw, it
was used for chest pain, lung inflammation,
coughing,
and
to
reduce
bronchial
symptoms. There is no clinical research on
pleurisy root. (Abascal K, Yarnell E. Herbal treatments for pandemic
influenza Altern Complement Ther. 2006:214-221.)
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Plantain is also known by the names Greater
Plantain, Ribwort, Common Plantain, White
Man's Foot Steps, Englishman's Foot,
Waybread, Ripple Grass, Broad Leaf
Plantain, Snake Weed, and Soldier's Herb.
The genus name Plantago is an old French
adaptation of the Latin word meaning
"plant" or "sole of the foot".
The common broad-leaved Plantain is a
very familiar perennial "weed", and may be
found anywhere by roadsides and in
meadowlands.
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Some old books call the species Costa canina
in allusion to the prominent veins in the
leaves that earned it the name Ribwort and it
is this feature that caused it to earn the
mediaeval name of Quinquenervia.
Another old popular name was ‘Kemps’. The
stalks of the plant are particularly tough and
wiry and it is an old game with country
children to strike the heads one against the
other until the stalks break. The Anglo-saxon
word for a soldier was cempa, and we can
thus see the allusion to kemps.
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The plant was at one time considered a
fodder plant, but cultivation was never
seriously taken up
Gelatinous substances extracted from the
seeds has been used at one time in France for
stiffening some kinds of muslin and other
woven fabrics.
Highly respected in folk medicine from Africa
and Vietnam
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The seeds of Plantain can also be used
medicinally, having mild laxative effects
similar to the seeds of Psyllium, a close
relative of Plantain.
Finally, for those who wish to quit smoking,
folklore says that a gargle with Plantain
infusion several times a day is an excellent
aversion therapy.
In Anglo-Saxon times country children
played a game of banging the stalks of the
plant together until they broke.
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The plant feeds on insects, which are
attracted to its bright red colour and flat
leaves containing a sticky glue that is
loaded with a sugary substance. It has
evolved this carnivorous behaviour as the
area in which it lives is usually poor in
nutrients. The plant extracts nitrates and
other nutrients from insect bodies, which
become stuck to the leaves.
The leaves of the common sundew are
arranged in a rosette and a typical plant will
have a diameter of around 3-4 centimetres.
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It flowers over the summer months, with a
number of small white flowers arranged
around a single stem.
In the UK, it is a protected wild flower and
therefore it is a criminal offence to remove
all or part of one of these plants from the
wild.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosera_rotundifolia"
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Thyme is also known by the names Garden
Thyme and Wild Thyme.
There are different versions of where the
name Thyme comes from. Some say it is
derived from a Greek word, meaning 'to
fumigate‘ as it has been used for centuries
as an popular incense. Others derive the
name from the Greek word 'thumus'
signifying 'courage which may be derived
from the Greek word "thymon", meaning
"courage", as it was once used as a bath
herb by Roman soldiers to help them be
more courageous.
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The species name serpyllum for Wild Thyme
may be due to the plant's creeping
snakelike appearance, in reference to the
ancient treatment of snakebites with
Thyme.
In ancient Greece the fine flavour of the
honey at Mount Hymettus near Athens was
said to be due to the Thyme that grew
there. Pliny tells us that 'when burnt it puts
to flight all venomous creatures'.

Ancient Egyptians used this herb in
embalming. It is still used for embalming.
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During the Middle Ages, it was used as a
stewing herb. It was thought that the spread
of thyme throughout Europe was thanks to
the Romans as they used it to purify their
rooms.

Oil of Thyme was used during World War I to
treat infection and to help relieve pain.

The ancient Romans used it to give an
aromatic flavour to cheese and liqueurs.

An old tradition says Thyme was one of the
herbs that formed the fragrant bed of the
Virgin Mary.
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In some areas it was a custom for girls to wear a sprig
of Thyme when looking for a sweetheart
In the Middle Ages, ladies sewed sprigs of Thyme into
Knight's uniforms when going to war to keep them
brave and strong
Thyme in a sleeping pillow was thought to repel
nightmares
Thyme is sometimes associated with death, especially
in Wales, where it is planted on graves. It was also
used as incense and placed on coffins during funerals
as it was supposed to assure passage into the next life.
On Midsummer Night's Eve, fairies are said to dance on
beds of Thyme. Folklore states that it has always been
a favourite of the fairies.
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Red and white thyme essential oil are
produced commercially from Thymus vulgaris
for use in cough drops, mouthwashes,
liniments,
toothpaste,
detergents
and
perfumes. Red thyme oil is preferred as white
thyme oil is distilled from the red. The 2 main
constituents of thyme are thymol and
carvacrol, but thymol is believed to be
responsible for most of the therapeutic
aspects.
(HerbalGram, 2008, no.80, pp.2 -3)

In a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, treatment
of acute bronchitis with a syrup composed of thyme
fluid extract (1:2) and English Ivy leaf fluid extract
(1:1) - [Bronchipret(R)] - was found to be safe, well
tolerated and superior to placebo in efficacy. (HerbalGram, 2008,
no.80, pp.2 -3)
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Two recent in vitro studies and 1 human clinical
trial show that thyme oil and extracts, as well as
the constituent thymol, may be effective against a
variety of bacteria. (HerbalGram, 2008, no.80, pp.2 -3)
Thyme is one of the ingredients in the
antimicrobial Listerine mouthwash. The use of the
combination of thymol with eucalyptol, menthol
and methyl salicylate in Listerine has been
approved as an antigingivitis / antiplaque active
ingredient for use in over-the-counter (OTC)
products. (HerbalGram, 2008, no.80, pp.2 -3)
Of interesting note, thyme oil has been studied in
combination with oils of Rosmarinus officinalis,
Lavandula officinalis and cedarwood, as rubbing
oils for stimulating hair growth. (HerbalGram, 2008, no.80, pp.2 -3)
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Horehound is also known by the names Hoarhound
and Marrubium. Horehound is a perennial plant
with small white flowers found growing in the wild
throughout Europe and Asia.
The genus name Marrubium is thought to be
derived from "marrob", the Hebrew word for "bitter
juice". It is believed that Horehound was one of the
original bitter herbs of the Jewish Passover
tradition.
The common name, Horehound, is from the old
English "har hune", meaning "downy plant". The
part of this plant used medicinally is the above
ground portion.
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Horehound was reportedly first used by the
physician Galen in ancient Rome, who
recommended it as a therapy for coughs
and other respiratory ailments.
Like Galen, Nicholas Culpepper commented
that it was helpful for a cough, and was also
useful in helping remove stubborn phlegm
from the lung.
Similarly, American Eclectic physicians of
the 19th century remarked on its value as a
medicinal plant not only for coughs and
asthma, but also in menstrual complaints.
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Horehound was used by Navaho Indians to
help a woman through childbirth.
It was used by the Chinese in the Australian
gold rush of 1890 at Kalgoorlie as a tonic
tea.
The Romans used Horehound for its
medicinal properties, and its Latin name of
Marrubium is said to be derived from Maria
urbs, an ancient town of Italy.
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The Egyptian Priests called this plant the 'Seed
of Horus,' or the 'Bull's Blood,' and the 'Eye of
the Star.' It was a principal ingredient in
Caesar's antidote for vegetable poisons.
Gerard recommends it, in addition to its uses
in coughs and colds, to 'those that have drunk
poyson or have been bitten of serpents,' and it
was also administered for 'mad dogge's
biting.'
Horehound is said to be a remedy against
Cankerworm in trees, and it is stated that if it
be put into new milk and set in a place
pestered with flies, it will kill them all quickly.
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Wild Cherry, also known as Virginia Prune,
Black Cherry, Choke Cherry, and Rum
Cherry, is a large tree that grows mostly in
the northern United States and Canada.
The bark of older Wild Cherry trees is nearly
black. The bark of young trees is reddishbrown and has an almond-like scent. It is
this outer bark of the young Wild Cherry
tree that is used medicinally.
Some used Wild Cherry Bark in tea form to
ease labour pains.
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Later, European settlers used Wild Cherry
Bark in cough syrups and as a poultice for
abscesses and ulcers.
This is perhaps the premier cabinetry
timber of the US, traded as "cherry".
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