Transcript Systematic Implications of DNA variation in subfamily

Asterids – Campanulids
Spring 2012
Fig. 8.83
Asterids – Campanulids
“Basal” Asterids
Order Cornales
Order Ericales
Lamiids
Order Solanales
Order Gentianales
Order Lamiales
Campanulids
Order Apiales
*Apiaceae – carrots, parsley
Order Dipsacales
Caprifoliaceae – honeysuckle
Adoxaceae – viburnum, elderberry
Order Asterales
Campanulaceae – lobelias, bellflowers
*Asteraceae – sunflowers
*family required for recognition
Campanulids:
Apiales: Apiaceae
(The Carrot Family; Umbelliferae)
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Nearly cosmopolitan
Usually herbs; aromatic with ethereal oils, terpenoids, saponins and
other compounds; leaves alternate with sheathing bases; internodes
usually hollow
Diversity: 3,780 species in 434 genera
Flowers: Small, inconspicuous. Sepals 5, distinct, very reduced;
petals 5, distinct but developing from a ring-like primordium, usually
inflexed; stamens 5, filaments distinct; carpels 2, connate, inferior
ovary; fruit a schizocarp, the 2 dry segments (mericarps) attached to
an entire to deeply forked central stalk (carpophore)
Significant features: Aromatic parts; inflorescences usually
involucrate compound umbels (sometimes simple or condensed into
a head); styles basally swollen to form a nectar-secreting structure
(stylopodium) atop the ovary; seeds with oil glands
Special uses: Herbs and spices, vegetables (carrot, Daucus; celery –
Apium; parsnip - Pastinaca), parsley (Petroselinum)
Required taxa: family only
Apiaceae
Zizia
Daucus
Anethum
Cicuta
Apiaceae
•reduced calyx
•inflexed petals
•inferior ovary
•2 carpels
•stylopodium
Apiaceae
schizocarps
Apiaceae: Daucus
-bristly annuals or biennials
with pinnately dissected leaves
-umbels compound
-involucre of more or less conspicuous
pinnate bracts
-flowers all or nearly all perfect, mostly
with pedicels
-mericarps with 5 slender, bristly 1°
ribs and 4 winged 2° ribs
involucre
Apiaceae
What part of the plant are you eating?
anise
caraway
dill
Apiaceae
What part of the plant are you eating?
Apiaceae
What part of the plant are you eating?
parsley
Apiaceae
What part of the plant are you eating?
carrot
parsnip
Campanulids:
Dipsacales: Caprifoliaceae
(The Honeysuckle Family)
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Widely distributed, especially in northern temperate
regions
Herbs, shrubs, small trees and lianas; leaves opposite,
simple
Diversity: 810 species in 36 genera (in the broad sense)
Flowers: Sepals 5, connate; petals 5, connate, often with 2
upper and 3 lower lobes or 1 upper and 4 lower lobes;
stamens (1-) 4-5, filaments adnate to the corolla; carpels
2-5, connate, style elongate, stigma capitate, inferior
ovary; fruit a capsule, berry, drupe, or achene.
Significant features: Flowers bilateral; large, spiny pollen
Special uses: Ornamentals: honeysuckle (Lonicera),
Weigela, Symphoricarpus (snowberry)
Family not required
Caprifoliaceae: Lonicera
-erect or climbing shrubs
-leaves entire
-calyx teeth very short
-corolla tubular or funnelform,
often more or less irregular
-fruit a several-seeded berry
Campanulids:
Dipsacales: Adoxaceae
(The Elderberry family)
• Widespread in temperate regions of the N. Hemisphere but
also in mountainous regions of S. Hemisphere
• Small trees, shrubs or perennial herbs; leaves opposite,
simple or trifoliolate or pinnately compound
• Diversity: 245 species in 5 genera
• Flowers: Bisexual, radial, small; sepals 2-5, connate,
reduced; petals 4-5, connate, well developed but with a
usually short tube; stamens 5, pollen with a reticulate
exine; carpels 3-5, style(s) short; fruit a drupe, with 1-5 pits
• Significant features: inflorescences determinate,
umbellate, showy
• Special uses: ornamentals (Viburnum, Sambucus), also
jellies and wines
• Family not required
Adoxaceae
Adoxa
Viburnum
Sambucus
Adoxaceae: Viburnum
-shrubs or small trees
-leaves simple
-inflorescences compound cymes
-flowers usually white (rarely pink)
-corolla spreading, deeply 5-lobed
-ovary 3-carpellate, but two abort
-fruit a 1-locular, 1-seeded drupe
Adoxaceae: Sambucus
-herbaceous, shrubby or arborescent
-leaves pinnately compound
-inflorescences compound cymes
-corolla broadly spreading
-fruit a drupe containing 3 pits
Campanulids:
Asterales: Campanulaceae
(The Bellflower or Lobelia Family)
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Widespread in northern temperate and sub-tropical regions; also in
the montane tropics
Mostly herbs; occasionally woody; with laticifers/latex and milky sap;
leaves usually alternate
Diversity: ca. 2,200 species in 79-84 genera
Flowers: With a hypanthium; sepals 5, connate; petals 5, connate,
forming a bell-shaped or bilabiate (or 1-lipped) corolla; stamens
usually 5, distinct to distally connate, usually attached to a disk at
apex of ovary; carpels 2-5, connate, inferior (or half-inferior) ovary;
fruit a loculicidal or poricidal capsule, or berry
Significant features: pollen shed in a tube formed by connate anther
parts; style (with pollen collecting hairs near the apex) grows through
tube
Special uses: Mostly ornamentals (Campanula, Lobelia, Codonopsis,
Platycodon)
Family not required
Campanulaceae
pollen plunger
Campanula
Downingia
Lobelia
Platycodon
Campanulaceae: Lobelia
-herbs
-flowers resupinate
-calyx 5-parted, with a short tube
-corolla with a straight tube split on
the apparently upper side, somewhat
2-lipped, the upper lip with 2 lobes,
the lower with 3 lobes
-stamens free from the corolla,
united into a tube by the anthers
but also commonly by the filaments
-capsule 2-locular, opening at the top
Campanulids:
Asterales: Asteraceae
(The Sunflower Family – Largest family of angiosperms)
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Cosmopolitan
Herbs or shrubs (trees); resin canals or laticifers often present
Diversity: 23,600 species in ca. 1,600 genera
Flowers: Sepals highly modified to form a scaly or hairy pappus;
petals 5, connate, forming a tubular, bilabiate, radial or bilateral
corolla; anthers fused into a tube around the style (syngenesious);
pollen plunger mechanism present; carpels 2, connate, inferior ovary;
fruit an achene (cypsela), often with adherent pappus (calyx parts)
Significant features: flowers densely arranged into indeterminate
heads (capitula), surrounded by involucral bracts (phyllaries), often
with differentiation in inner flowers and outer flowers (disk and ray
flowers); various pollination and dispersal syndromes
Special uses: Food plants: sunflower (Helianthus), chicory
(Cichorium), artichoke (Cynara), lettuce (Lactuca); many ornamentals
(marigolds, zinnias, chrysanthemum, dahlia, etc.).
Family only
The ultimate pseudanthium
Asteraceae
Pseudanthium =
false flower
•disk + ray florets
phyllaries
Berlandiera
Asteraceae
Floral Terminology:
•Head (= capitulum)
•Pseudanthium
•Involucre
•Phyllaries
•Floret
•Ligulate or ray floret
•Disk floret
Asteraceae: ray flower/floret
Asteraceae: disk flower/floret
Three flower
arrangements
ray flowers only
disk flowers only
ray and disk flowers
Asteraceae: Taraxacum
-perennial or biennial herbs
-heads many-flowered, large,
solitary on a slender hollow scape,
of only ray flowers
-pappus feathery, becoming raised
on a stalk as the achene matures
-involucre reflexed at fruit maturity
for wind dispersal
Asteraceae: Helianthus
-coarse, stout herbs
-involucre of overlapping phyllaries
-heads solitary or in a corymb,
many-flowered, with both ray
and disk flowers, the ray flowers
with a yellow corolla
-chaff persistent
-pappus easily deciduous, of 2 thin
scales, sometimes 2 or more smaller
scales also present
Asteraceae: Solidago
-perennial herbs
-stem leaves sessile or nearly so
-heads small, mostly in racemes
or clusters
-heads few- to many-flowered,
mostly of ray flowers
-ray flowers usually 1-20 per head,
pistillate
-pappus simple, of equal fine bristles
-achenes nearly terete
Senecio
-heads in branched clusters
-heads of ray flowers
-flowers yellow
-ca. 1500 species
Asteraceae
What part of the plant are you eating?
artichoke
Asteraceae
What part of the plant are you eating?
chicory
Asteraceae
What part of the plant are you eating?
lettuce
endive
Asteraceae
What part of the plant are you eating?
safflower oil
Asteraceae
What part of the plant are you eating?
sunflower
Asteraceae
Economic plants and products:
Medicinal plants
•Camomile (Athemis)
Asteraceae
Economic plants and products:
Weedy plants:
•Dandelion (Taraxacum)
Asteraceae
Economic plants and products:
Weedy plants:
•Ragweed (Ambrosia)
Asteraceae
Economic plants and products:
Ornamentals:
•Chrysanthemum
(“mums;” Chrysanthemum)
•Dahlia (Dahlia)
•Daisy (Chrysanthemum)
•Marigold (Tagetes)
•Sunflower (Helianthus)
•Zinnia (Zinnia)