Transcript Asteraceae
Asterids – Part 3 Euasterids II (campanulids) Spring 2011 Figure 9.4 from the text “basal” asterids (Euasterids I) (Euasterids II) Asterid taxa – Part 3 “Basal” Asterids Order Cornales Order Ericales Eusterids I (lamiids) Order Solanales Order Gentianales Order Lamiales Eusterids II (campanulids) Order Apiales Apiaceae – carrots, parsley Order Dipsacales Caprifoliaceae – honeysuckle Adoxaceae – viburnum, elderberry Order Asterales Campanulaceae – lobelias, bellflowers Asteraceae – sunflowers Euasterids II: Apiales: Apiaceae (The Carrot Family; Umbelliferae) • • • • • • • Nearly cosmopolitan Usually herbs; aromatic with ethereal oils, terpenoids, saponins and other compounds; leaves alternate with sheathing bases; internodes usually hollow Diversity: 3,780 species in 434 genera Flowers: Small, inconspicuous. Sepals 5, distinct, very reduced; petals 5, distinct but developing from a ring-like primordium, usually inflexed; stamens 5, filaments distinct; carpels 2, connate, inferior ovary; fruit a schizocarp, the 2 dry segments (mericarps) attached to an entire to deeply forked central stalk (carpophore) Significant features: Aromatic parts; inflorescences of simple or compound umbels (sometimes condensed into a head); styles basally swollen to form a nectar-secreting structure (stylopodium) atop the ovary; seeds with oil glands Special uses: Herbs and spices, vegetables (carrot, Daucus; celery – Apium; parsnip - Pastinaca), parsley (Petroselinum) Required taxa: Daucus Apiaceae Zizia Daucus Anethum Cicuta Apiaceae •reduced calyx •inflexed petals •inferior ovary •2 carpels •stylopodium Apiaceae: Daucus -bristly annuals or biennials with pinnately dissected leaves -umbels compound -involucre of more or less conspicuous pinnate bracts -flowers all or nearly all perfect, mostly with pedicels -mericarps with 5 slender, bristly 1° ribs and 4 winged 2° ribs Apiaceae What part of the plant are you eating? anise caraway dill Apiaceae What part of the plant are you eating? Apiaceae What part of the plant are you eating? parsley Apiaceae What part of the plant are you eating? carrot parsnip Euasterids II: Dipsacales: Caprifoliaceae (The Honeysuckle Family) • • • • • • • Widely distributed, especially in northern temperate regions Herbs, shrubs, small trees and lianas; leaves opposite, simple Diversity: 810 species in 36 genera Flowers: Sepals 5, connate; petals 5, connate, often with 2 upper and 3 lower lobes or 1 upper and 4 lower lobes; stamens (1-) 4-5, filaments adnate to the corolla; carpels 2-5, connate, style elongate, stigma capitate, inferior ovary; fruit a capsule, berry, drupe, or achene. Significant features: Flowers bilateral; large, spiny pollen Special uses: Ornamentals: honeysuckle (Lonicera), Weigela, Symphoricarpus (snowberry) Required taxa: Lonicera Caprifoliaceae: Lonicera -erect or climbing shrubs -leaves entire -calyx teeth very short -corolla tubular or funnelform, often more or less irregular -fruit a several-seeded berry Euasterids II: Dipsacales: Adoxaceae (The Elderberry family) • Widespread in temperate regions of the N. Hemisphere but also in mountainous regions of S. Hemisphere • Small trees, shrubs or perennial herbs; leaves opposite, simple or trifoliolate or pinnately compound • Diversity: 245 species in 5 genera • Flowers: Bisexual, radial, small; sepals 2-5, connate, reduced; petals 4-5, connate, well developed but with a usually short tube; stamens 5, pollen with a reticulate exine; carpels 3-5, style(s) short; fruit a drupe, with 1-5 pits • Significant features: inflorescences determinate, umbellate, showy • Special uses: ornamentals (Viburnum, Sambucus), also jellies and wines • Required taxa: Viburnum, *Sambucus Adoxaceae Adoxa Viburnum Sambucus Adoxaceae: Viburnum -shrubs or small trees -leaves simple -inflorescences compound cymes -flowers usually white (rarely pink) -corolla spreading, deeply 5-lobed -ovary 3-carpellate, but two abort -fruit a 1-locular, 1-seeded drupe Adoxaceae: Sambucus -herbaceous, shrubby or arborescent -leaves pinnately compound -inflorescences compound cymes -corolla broadly spreading -fruit a drupe containing 3 pits Euasterids II: Asterales: Campanulaceae (The Bellflower or Lobelia Family) • • • • • • • Widespread in northern temperate and sub-tropical regions; also in the montane tropics Mostly herbs; occasionally woody; with laticifers/latex and milky sap; leaves usually alternate Diversity: 2,200 species in 65 genera Flowers: With a hypanthium; sepals 5, connate; petals 5, connate, forming a bell-shaped or bilabiate (or 1-lipped) corolla; stamens usually 5, distinct to distally connate, usually attached to a disk at apex of ovary; carpels 2-5, connate, inferior (or half-inferior) ovary; fruit a loculicidal or poricidal capsule, or berry Significant features: pollen shed in a tube formed by connate anther parts; style (with pollen collecting hairs near the apex) grows through tube Special uses: Mostly ornamentals (Campanula, Lobelia, Codonopsis, Platycodon) Required taxa: Lobelia Campanulaceae pollen plunger Campanula Downingia Lobelia Platycodon Campanulaceae: Lobelia -herbs -flowers resupinate -calyx 5-parted, with a short tube -corolla with a straight tube split on the apparently upper side, somewhat 2-lipped, the upper lip with 2 lobes, the lower with 3 lobes -stamens free from the corolla, united into a tube by the anthers but also commonly by the filaments -capsule 2-locular, opening at the top Euasterids II: Asterales: Asteraceae (The Sunflower Family – Largest family of angiosperms) • • • • • • • Cosmopolitan Herbs or shrubs (trees); resin canals or laticifers often present Diversity: 23,000 species in 1,535 genera Flowers: Sepals highly modified to form a scaly or hairy pappus; petals 5, connate, forming a tubular, bilabiate, radial or bilateral corolla; pollen plunger mechanism present; carpels 2, connate, inferior ovary; fruit an achene (cypsela), often with adherent pappus (calyx parts) Significant features: flowers densely arranged into indeterminate heads (capitula), surrounded by involucral bracts (phyllaries), often with differentiation in inner flowers and outer flowers (disk and ray flowers); various pollination and dispersal syndromes Special uses: Food plants: sunflower (Helianthus), chicory (Cichorium), artichoke (Cynara), lettuce (Lactuca); many ornamentals (marigolds, zinnias, chrysanthemum, dahlia, etc.). Required taxa: Helianthus, Taraxacum, Solidago Asteraceae Pseudanthium = false flower •disk + ray florets phyllaries Asteraceae Floral Terminology: •Head (= capitulum) •Involucre •Pseudanthium •Phyllaries •Floret •Ligulate or ray floret •Disk floret Three flower arrangements ray flowers only disk flowers only ray and disk flowers Asteraceae: Taraxacum -perennial or biennial herbs -heads many-flowered, large, solitary on a slender hollow scape, of only ray flowers -pappus feathery, becoming raised on a stalk as the achene matures -involucre reflexed at fruit maturity for wind dispersal Asteraceae: Helianthus -coarse, stout herbs -involucre of overlapping phyllaries -heads solitary or in a corymb, many-flowered, with both ray and disk flowers, the ray flowers with a yellow corolla -chaff persistent -pappus easily deciduous, of 2 thin scales, sometimes 2 or more smaller scales also present Asteraceae: Solidago -perennial herbs -stem leaves sessile or nearly so -heads small, mostly in racemes or clusters -heads few- to many-flowered, mostly of ray flowers -ray flowers usually 1-20 per head, pistillate -pappus simple, of equal fine bristles -achenes nearly terete Asteraceae What part of the plant are you eating? artichoke Asteraceae What part of the plant are you eating? chicory Asteraceae What part of the plant are you eating? lettuce endive Asteraceae What part of the plant are you eating? safflower oil Asteraceae What part of the plant are you eating? sunflower Asteraceae Economic plants and products: Medicinal plants •Camomile (Athemis) Asteraceae Economic plants and products: Weedy plants: •Dandelion (Taraxacum) Asteraceae Economic plants and products: Weedy plants: •Ragweed (Ambrosia) Asteraceae Economic plants and products: Ornamentals: •Chrysanthemum (“mums;” Chrysanthemum) •Dahlia (Dahlia) •Daisy (Chrysanthemum) •Marigold (Tagetes) •Sunflower (Helianthus) •Zinnia (Zinnia)