Weed Identification
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Transcript Weed Identification
National Railroad
Contractors Association
Plant Biology
Plant
growth stages
Plant
life cycles
Plant
types
Plant
construction
Plant
growth factors
Seedling
– Small succulent – Stage most
easily controlled
Vegetative
– Rapid growth
Reproductive
Mature
– Flowers and seeds
– Post reproductive
Annual
Biennial
Perennial
Annuals
complete their life cycle in one
year.
Winter
annuals
Summer
annuals
Seeds
germinate late summer to early
fall,
Flower
and produce seed in mid-to late
spring, and
Die
the next summer.
Seeds
germinate in the spring,
Flower, produce
seeds mid-to late
summer, and
Die
in the fall.
Ex-most
everything
Live
for two growing seasons.
Seeds germinate in spring, summer, or fall of
first year.
Plants over winter as basal rosette with storage
root.
After exposure to cold, plants flower and
produce seeds in summer of second year.
Die in the fall.
Produce
vegetative structure that allows
them to live more than two years.
• Overwinters by a perennial root
• Reproduce entirely by seed
Overwinters
Produces
new plants from reproductive
structures
Most
also reproduce from seed
Stolons
horizontal above
ground stems
Creeping roots
Underground root
modified for food storage,
vegetative reproduction
Grows
deep in soil
Resistant to control
Soil line
Rhizomes
horizontal
underground
stems
http://www.wildlifeanalysis.org/movabletype/archives/rhizome.jpg
Tubers
thick underground
stems on the ends of
rhizomes
Bulbs
modified underground leaf tissue
Reproducing parts
Grasses/Sedges
Broadleaves
Vines
Trees
Ferns
(forbs)
• One leaf at germination
• Fibrous root system
•Growing point at soil surface
•Narrow upright leaves
•Parallel veins running length of leaf
• 2 leaves at germination
• Broadleaves
• Netted veins
• Growing points all over
• Tap root system
Plant
with a weak stem
that needs support from
climbing, twining, or
creeping along a surface
Trees - perennial, single main stem or
trunk
Shrubs - perennial, more than one
principal stem, shorter than trees
Largest
group of
seedless, vascular
plants
Grow
in moist
places
New
fronds (leaf)
form from rhizome
Xylem
– moves herbicide, water,
nutrients
up from roots
Phloem
– moves
herbicide
from foliage down to roots
Grasses
have
vascular bundles
that contain xylem
and phloem in one
unit
Water
Transports nutrients and herbicides from
root to leaf
Moves sugars and foliar applied
herbicides from leaf to roots
Water
Rain
is key in photosynthesis
carries herbicide to root zone
Soil
Soil texture
depends on
percentages of
sand, silt, clay
Soil
Coarse or light soil
is high in sand
Soil
Fine or heavy soils
are high in clay
Soil
Dark soils are high in organic matter (OM),
decaying plants and animals.
As Clay
As OM
As Sand
Adsorption
Adsorption
Adsorption
Leaching
Leaching
Leaching
Herbicide Use
Herbicide Use
Herbicide Use
Application Rate
Application Rate
Application Rate
Temperature
As Temperature
Warm soils
Plant activity
Persistence of
herbicide
Speed of herbicide
effect