Transcript No Slide Title

Choose Your Own Adventure With Zinc
Industrial
discharge
Air
Human uptake
Animal
accumulation
Rainfall
Fertilizers
Pesticides
Surface
water
Plant and animal residue,
microbial pool
Plant uptake
Minerals:
Spharelite,
Zincite, etc.
Soil Organic Matter
Adsorption
Complexation
SOIL CLAYS:
Adsorption
Muscovite
Illite
Chlorite
Montmorillonite
Kaolinite
Legend
Where you can go
Precipitation
Zn2+ and chelates
Available at pH < 7.7
+ H2PO4
or nNO3
Complexation
+ nH2O
Hydrolysis Species
Highly soluble compounds:
Hydroxides
Carbonates
Silicates
Chlorides
Sulfates
Phosphates
+ nCl
Complexation
Phosphate and
Nitrate
Complexes
Chloride Complexes
Where you have been
Where you are
Immediate interactions
Main Cycle
More Info
Click on an object and follow the arrows to choose
your own adventure within the Zinc cycle
Choose Your Own Adventure With Zinc
Industrial
discharge
Air
Human uptake
Animal
accumulation
Rainfall
Fertilizers
Pesticides
Surface
water
Plant and animal residue,
microbial pool
Plant uptake
Minerals:
Spharelite,
Zincite, etc.
Soil Organic Matter
Adsorption
Complexation
SOIL CLAYS:
Adsorption
Muscovite
Illite
Chlorite
Montmorillonite
Kaolinite
Legend
Where you can go
Precipitation
Zn2+ and chelates
Available at pH < 7.7
+ H2PO4
or nNO3
Complexation
+ nH2O
Hydrolysis Species
Highly soluble compounds:
Hydroxides
Carbonates
Silicates
Chlorides
Sulfates
Phosphates
+ nCl
Complexation
Phosphate and
Nitrate
Complexes
Chloride Complexes
Where you have been
Where you are
Immediate interactions
Main Cycle
More Info
Click on an object and follow the arrows to choose
your own adventure within the Zinc cycle
Choose Your Own Adventure With Zinc
Industrial
discharge
Air
Human uptake
Animal
accumulation
Rainfall
Fertilizers
Pesticides
Surface
water
Plant and animal residue,
microbial pool
Plant uptake
Minerals:
Spharelite,
Zincite, etc.
Soil Organic Matter
Adsorption
Complexation
SOIL CLAYS:
Adsorption
Muscovite
Illite
Chlorite
Montmorillonite
Kaolinite
Legend
Where you can go
Precipitation
Zn2+ and chelates
Available at pH < 7.7
+ H2PO4
or nNO3
Complexation
+ nH2O
Hydrolysis Species
Highly soluble compounds:
Hydroxides
Carbonates
Silicates
Chlorides
Sulfates
Phosphates
+ nCl
Complexation
Phosphate and
Nitrate
Complexes
Chloride Complexes
Where you have been
Where you are
Immediate interactions
Main Cycle
More Info
Click on an object and follow the arrows to choose
your own adventure within the Zinc cycle
Choose Your Own Adventure With Zinc
Industrial
discharge
Air
Human uptake
Animal
accumulation
Rainfall
Fertilizers
Pesticides
Surface
water
Plant and animal residue,
microbial pool
Plant uptake
Minerals:
Spharelite,
Zincite, etc.
Soil Organic Matter
Adsorption
Complexation
SOIL CLAYS:
Adsorption
Muscovite
Illite
Chlorite
Montmorillonite
Kaolinite
Legend
Where you can go
Precipitation
Zn2+ and chelates
Available at pH < 7.7
+ H2PO4
or nNO3
Complexation
+ nH2O
Hydrolysis Species
Highly soluble compounds:
Hydroxides
Carbonates
Silicates
Chlorides
Sulfates
Phosphates
+ nCl
Complexation
Phosphate and
Nitrate
Complexes
Chloride Complexes
Where you have been
Where you are
Immediate interactions
Main Cycle
More Info
Click on an object and follow the arrows to choose
your own adventure within the Zinc cycle
Choose Your Own Adventure With Zinc
Industrial
discharge
Air
Human uptake
Animal
accumulation
Rainfall
Fertilizers
Pesticides
Surface
water
Plant and animal residue,
microbial pool
Plant uptake
Minerals:
Spharelite,
Zincite, etc.
Soil Organic Matter
Adsorption
Complexation
SOIL CLAYS:
Adsorption
Muscovite
Illite
Chlorite
Montmorillonite
Kaolinite
Legend
Where you can go
Precipitation
Zn2+ and chelates
Available at pH < 7.7
+ H2PO4
or nNO3
Complexation
+ nH2O
Hydrolysis Species
Highly soluble compounds:
Hydroxides
Carbonates
Silicates
Chlorides
Sulfates
Phosphates
+ nCl
Complexation
Phosphate and
Nitrate
Complexes
Chloride Complexes
Where you have been
Where you are
Immediate interactions
Main Cycle
More Info
Click on an object and follow the arrows to choose
your own adventure within the Zinc cycle
Choose Your Own Adventure With Zinc
Industrial
discharge
Air
Human uptake
Animal
accumulation
Rainfall
Fertilizers
Pesticides
Surface
water
Plant and animal residue,
microbial pool
Plant uptake
Minerals:
Spharelite,
Zincite, etc.
Soil Organic Matter
Adsorption
Complexation
SOIL CLAYS:
Adsorption
Muscovite
Illite
Chlorite
Montmorillonite
Kaolinite
Legend
Where you can go
Precipitation
Zn2+ and chelates
Available at pH < 7.7
+ H2PO4
or nNO3
Complexation
+ nH2O
Hydrolysis Species
Highly soluble compounds:
Hydroxides
Carbonates
Silicates
Chlorides
Sulfates
Phosphates
+ nCl
Complexation
Phosphate and
Nitrate
Complexes
Chloride Complexes
Where you have been
Where you are
Immediate interactions
Main Cycle
More Info
Click on an object and follow the arrows to choose
your own adventure within the Zinc cycle
Choose Your Own Adventure With Zinc
Industrial
discharge
Air
Human uptake
Animal
accumulation
Rainfall
Fertilizers
Pesticides
Surface
water
Plant and animal residue,
microbial pool
Plant uptake
Minerals:
Spharelite,
Zincite, etc.
Soil Organic Matter
Adsorption
Complexation
SOIL CLAYS:
Adsorption
Muscovite
Illite
Chlorite
Montmorillonite
Kaolinite
Legend
Where you can go
Precipitation
Zn2+ and chelates
Available at pH < 7.7
+ H2PO4
or nNO3
Complexation
+ nH2O
Hydrolysis Species
Highly soluble compounds:
Hydroxides
Carbonates
Silicates
Chlorides
Sulfates
Phosphates
+ nCl
Complexation
Phosphate and
Nitrate
Complexes
Chloride Complexes
Where you have been
Where you are
Immediate interactions
Main Cycle
More Info
Click on an object and follow the arrows to choose
your own adventure within the Zinc cycle
Choose Your Own Adventure With Zinc
Industrial
discharge
Air
Human uptake
Animal
accumulation
Rainfall
Fertilizers
Pesticides
Surface
water
Plant and animal residue,
microbial pool
Plant uptake
Minerals:
Spharelite,
Zincite, etc.
Soil Organic Matter
Adsorption
Complexation
SOIL CLAYS:
Adsorption
Muscovite
Illite
Chlorite
Montmorillonite
Kaolinite
Legend
Where you can go
Precipitation
Zn2+ and chelates
Available at pH < 7.7
+ H2PO4
or nNO3
Complexation
+ nH2O
Hydrolysis Species
Highly soluble compounds:
Hydroxides
Carbonates
Silicates
Chlorides
Sulfates
Phosphates
+ nCl
Complexation
Phosphate and
Nitrate
Complexes
Chloride Complexes
Where you have been
Where you are
Immediate interactions
Main Cycle
More Info
Click on an object and follow the arrows to choose
your own adventure within the Zinc cycle
Choose Your Own Adventure With Zinc
Industrial
discharge
Air
Human uptake
Animal
accumulation
Rainfall
Fertilizers
Pesticides
Surface
water
Plant and animal residue,
microbial pool
Plant uptake
Minerals:
Spharelite,
Zincite, etc.
Soil Organic Matter
Adsorption
Complexation
SOIL CLAYS:
Adsorption
Muscovite
Illite
Chlorite
Montmorillonite
Kaolinite
Legend
Where you can go
Precipitation
Zn2+ and chelates
Available at pH < 7.7
+ H2PO4
or nNO3
Complexation
+ nH2O
Hydrolysis Species
Highly soluble compounds:
Hydroxides
Carbonates
Silicates
Chlorides
Sulfates
Phosphates
+ nCl
Complexation
Phosphate and
Nitrate
Complexes
Chloride Complexes
Where you have been
Where you are
Immediate interactions
Main Cycle
More Info
Click on an object and follow the arrows to choose
your own adventure within the Zinc cycle
Choose Your Own Adventure With Zinc
Industrial
discharge
Air
Human uptake
Animal
accumulation
Rainfall
Fertilizers
Pesticides
Surface
water
Plant and animal residue,
microbial pool
Plant uptake
Minerals:
Spharelite,
Zincite, etc.
Soil Organic Matter
Adsorption
Complexation
SOIL CLAYS:
Adsorption
Muscovite
Illite
Chlorite
Montmorillonite
Kaolinite
Legend
Where you can go
Precipitation
Zn2+ and chelates
Available at pH < 7.7
+ H2PO4
or nNO3
Complexation
+ nH2O
Hydrolysis Species
Highly soluble compounds:
Hydroxides
Carbonates
Silicates
Chlorides
Sulfates
Phosphates
+ nCl
Complexation
Phosphate and
Nitrate
Complexes
Chloride Complexes
Where you have been
Where you are
Immediate interactions
Main Cycle
More Info
Click on an object and follow the arrows to choose
your own adventure within the Zinc cycle
Choose Your Own Adventure With Zinc
Industrial
discharge
Air
Human uptake
Animal
accumulation
Rainfall
Fertilizers
Pesticides
Surface
water
Plant and animal residue,
microbial pool
Plant uptake
Minerals:
Spharelite,
Zincite, etc.
Soil Organic Matter
Adsorption
Complexation
SOIL CLAYS:
Adsorption
Muscovite
Illite
Chlorite
Montmorillonite
Kaolinite
Legend
Where you can go
Precipitation
Zn2+ and chelates
Available at pH < 7.7
+ H2PO4
or nNO3
Complexation
+ nH2O
Hydrolysis Species
Highly soluble compounds:
Hydroxides
Carbonates
Silicates
Chlorides
Sulfates
Phosphates
+ nCl
Complexation
Phosphate and
Nitrate
Complexes
Chloride Complexes
Where you have been
Where you are
Immediate interactions
Main Cycle
More Info
Click on an object and follow the arrows to choose
your own adventure within the Zinc cycle
Choose Your Own Adventure With Zinc
Industrial
discharge
Air
Human uptake
Animal
accumulation
Rainfall
Fertilizers
Pesticides
Surface
water
Plant and animal residue,
microbial pool
Plant uptake
Minerals:
Spharelite,
Zincite, etc.
Soil Organic Matter
Adsorption
Complexation
SOIL CLAYS:
Adsorption
Muscovite
Illite
Chlorite
Montmorillonite
Kaolinite
Legend
Where you can go
Precipitation
Zn2+ and chelates
Available at pH < 7.7
+ H2PO4
or nNO3
Complexation
+ nH2O
Hydrolysis Species
Highly soluble compounds:
Hydroxides
Carbonates
Silicates
Chlorides
Sulfates
Phosphates
+ nCl
Complexation
Phosphate and
Nitrate
Complexes
Chloride Complexes
Where you have been
Where you are
Immediate interactions
Main Cycle
More Info
Click on an object and follow the arrows to choose
your own adventure within the Zinc cycle
Choose Your Own Adventure With Zinc
Industrial
discharge
Air
Human uptake
Animal
accumulation
Rainfall
Fertilizers
Pesticides
Surface
water
Plant and animal residue,
microbial pool
Plant uptake
Minerals:
Spharelite,
Zincite, etc.
Soil Organic Matter
Adsorption
Complexation
SOIL CLAYS:
Adsorption
Muscovite
Illite
Chlorite
Montmorillonite
Kaolinite
Legend
Where you can go
Precipitation
Zn2+ and chelates
Available at pH < 7.7
+ H2PO4
or nNO3
Complexation
+ nH2O
Hydrolysis Species
Highly soluble compounds:
Hydroxides
Carbonates
Silicates
Chlorides
Sulfates
Phosphates
+ nCl
Complexation
Phosphate and
Nitrate
Complexes
Chloride Complexes
Where you have been
Where you are
Immediate interactions
Main Cycle
More Info
Click on an object and follow the arrows to choose
your own adventure within the Zinc cycle
Choose Your Own Adventure With Zinc
Industrial
discharge
Air
Human uptake
Animal
accumulation
Rainfall
Fertilizers
Pesticides
Surface
water
Plant and animal residue,
microbial pool
Plant uptake
Minerals:
Spharelite,
Zincite, etc.
Soil Organic Matter
Adsorption
Complexation
SOIL CLAYS:
Adsorption
Muscovite
Illite
Chlorite
Montmorillonite
Kaolinite
Legend
Where you can go
Precipitation
Zn2+ and chelates
Available at pH < 7.7
+ H2PO4
or nNO3
Complexation
+ nH2O
Hydrolysis Species
Highly soluble compounds:
Hydroxides
Carbonates
Silicates
Chlorides
Sulfates
Phosphates
+ nCl
Complexation
Phosphate and
Nitrate
Complexes
Chloride Complexes
Where you have been
Where you are
Immediate interactions
Main Cycle
More Info
Click on an object and follow the arrows to choose
your own adventure within the Zinc cycle
Choose Your Own Adventure With Zinc
Industrial
discharge
Air
Human uptake
Animal
accumulation
Rainfall
Fertilizers
Pesticides
Surface
water
Plant and animal residue,
microbial pool
Plant uptake
Minerals:
Spharelite,
Zincite, etc.
Soil Organic Matter
Adsorption
Complexation
SOIL CLAYS:
Adsorption
Muscovite
Illite
Chlorite
Montmorillonite
Kaolinite
Legend
Where you can go
Precipitation
Zn2+ and chelates
Available at pH < 7.7
+ H2PO4
or nNO3
Complexation
+ nH2O
Hydrolysis Species
Highly soluble compounds:
Hydroxides
Carbonates
Silicates
Chlorides
Sulfates
Phosphates
+ nCl
Complexation
Phosphate and
Nitrate
Complexes
Chloride Complexes
Where you have been
Where you are
Immediate interactions
Main Cycle
More Info
Click on an object and follow the arrows to choose
your own adventure within the Zinc cycle
Choose Your Own Adventure With Zinc
Industrial
discharge
Air
Human uptake
Animal
accumulation
Rainfall
Fertilizers
Pesticides
Surface
water
Plant and animal residue,
microbial pool
Plant uptake
Minerals:
Spharelite,
Zincite, etc.
Soil Organic Matter
Adsorption
Complexation
SOIL CLAYS:
Adsorption
Muscovite
Illite
Chlorite
Montmorillonite
Kaolinite
Legend
Where you can go
Precipitation
Zn2+ and chelates
Available at pH < 7.7
+ H2PO4
or nNO3
Complexation
+ nH2O
Hydrolysis Species
Highly soluble compounds:
Hydroxides
Carbonates
Silicates
Chlorides
Sulfates
Phosphates
+ nCl
Complexation
Phosphate and
Nitrate
Complexes
Chloride Complexes
Where you have been
Where you are
Immediate interactions
Main Cycle
More Info
Click on an object and follow the arrows to choose
your own adventure within the Zinc cycle
Choose Your Own Adventure With Zinc
Industrial
discharge
Air
Human uptake
Animal
accumulation
Rainfall
Fertilizers
Pesticides
Surface
water
Plant and animal residue,
microbial pool
Plant uptake
Minerals:
Spharelite,
Zincite, etc.
Soil Organic Matter
Adsorption
Complexation
SOIL CLAYS:
Adsorption
Muscovite
Illite
Chlorite
Montmorillonite
Kaolinite
Legend
Where you can go
Precipitation
Zn2+ and chelates
Available at pH < 7.7
+ H2PO4
or nNO3
Complexation
+ nH2O
Hydrolysis Species
Highly soluble compounds:
Hydroxides
Carbonates
Silicates
Chlorides
Sulfates
Phosphates
+ nCl
Complexation
Phosphate and
Nitrate
Complexes
Chloride Complexes
Where you have been
Where you are
Immediate interactions
Main Cycle
More Info
Click on an object and follow the arrows to choose
your own adventure within the Zinc cycle
More Info on Zinc
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Form taken up by plant
Concentration in soils
Mobility in soil
Origin in soils
Mobility in plants
Effect of pH on availability
Deficiency found in
Interaction of Zn with other nutrients
Toxicity symptoms
Fertilizer sources
Role of Zn in the plant
Soil test
Role of Zn in microbial growth
References
Concentration in plants
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Form taken up by plant:
Zn2+ at pH < 7.7; Zn(OH)+ at pH > 7.7
(less available to plants).
Mobility in soil:
No (Low solubility): Soluble by chelation
by mobile ligands. Highly soluble at pH < 6.
Mobility in Plants:
Low: Mobility in plants does not coincide with
water flow. Zn is absorbed by plants as Zn2+
and transported as citrate, malate and
malonate complexes.
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Deficiency found in:
Acidic, sandy soils with high leaching, calcareous
soils pH>8.0, exposed subsoil horizons (erosion),
Deficiency symptoms are purple margins similar to
phosphorus deficiency, but also inward toward the
center of leaves (purple blotching), and brown spots
on rice leaves. Deficiency is rarely observed in
wheat. Zn deficiency can be corrected by application
of 2.5-25 kg/ha of ZnSO4 (depending on soil pH and
texture) or 0.3-6 kg/ha as chelates in broadcast or
band application. Foliar application of 0.5-2.0%
ZnSO4*7H2O effective for fruit trees for the growing
season; 2% solution is used for seed soaking. Soil
application corrects Zn deficiency for 2-5 years.
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Toxicity symptoms:
Most plant species have high tolerance to excessive
amounts of Zn. However, on acid and heavily sludged
soils Zn toxicity can take place. Zn toxicity symptoms
as follow: Inhibited root elongation, photosynthesis in
leaves, depresses RuBP carboxylase activity, chlorosis
in young leaves due to induced deficiency of Fe2+ and/or
Mg2+. Zn2+ has ion radius similar to Fe2+ and Mg2+,
which creates unequal competition for these elements
when zinc supply is high. The critical toxicity level in
leaves is 100-300 mg per kg of dry weight.
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Role of Zn in the plant:
1. Component of ribosomes.
2. Carbohydrate metabolism
a) a cofactor of carbonic anhydrase, which
converts CO2 into HCO3b) activity of photosynthetic enzymes: ribulose
1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase (RuPPC)
c) Chlorophyll content decreases and abnormal
chloroplast structure occurs when Zn is deficient
d) Sucrose and starch formation by activating
aldolase and starch synthetase
3. Protein metabolism: Stabilizes DNA and RNA structures
4. Membrane integrity: Stabilizes biomembranes and
neutralizes free oxigen radicals, as a part of
superoxide dismutase
5. Auxin metabolism: Controls tryptophane synthetase,
which produces tryptophane, a source for IAA
6. Reproduction: Flowering and seed production are
depressed by Zn deficiency.
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Role of Zn in microbial growth:
Indispensability of Zn in metabolism of living organisms,
microflora also is highly dependent on concentrations
of zinc present. Some heterotrophs can tolerate high
concentration of Zn and behave as bioaccumulators of
Zn, among them Zoogloea-producing bacteria,
Ephiphytic bacteria, Nonsporing bacteria. Different
genera of Green Algae respond differently to Zn
contamination. Microspora, Ulothrix, Hormidium, and
Stigeoclonium are resistant to high Zn concentrations,
whereas genera such as Oedogonium and Cladophora
are rather sensitive to the presence of Zn.
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Concentration in plants:
Depending on genotype, Zn concentration varies in the
range 25-150 ppm (0.0025-0.015% of dry weight) of Zn
sufficient plant.
Concentration in soils:
10-300 ppm (0.001-0.03%). Concentration of total Zn
increases with depth, whereas extractable Zn content
decreases. Concentration of Zn in the upper horizon
also depends on organic matter content, which can
hold up to 13% Zn. In soils, 30-60% Zn can be found
in iron oxides, 20-45% in the lattice of clay minerals,
and 1-7% on clay exchange complex. Highest Zn
concentration is in solonchaks – saline soils in Asia,
lowest in light textured soils with low organic matter.
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Origin in soils:
Zinc composition of soils defined by parent material.
Magmatic rocks have 40 and 100 mg/kg Zn in granites
and basalt, respectively. Sedimentary rock composition
varies in the range 10 to 30 mg/kg in sandstones and
dolomites, and 80-120 mg/kg in clays,
Effect of pH on availability:
pH is the most important parameter of Zn solubility.
General equation for soil Zn is pZn = 2pH – 5.8
The form of Zn predominant at
· pH<7.7 – Zn2+
· pH>7.7 – ZnOH+
· pH<7.7 – Zn(OH)2
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Interaction of Zn with other nutrients:
Increase in available P content can considerably
decrease availability of Zn in the soil due to the
high antagonism between these two elements.
However, some authors suggest that symptoms
considered as a Zn deficiency are actually P toxicity.
Presence of other nutrients such as iron, copper,
manganese and calcium may also inhibit Zn uptake
by plants, probably due to the competition for the
carrier sites on roots. Application of high rates of
NPK fertilizers can aggravate Zn deficiency.
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Fertilizer sources:
Zinc sulfate with 25-36%Zn, Zinc oxide – 50-80% Zn,
Zinc Chloride - 48% Zn, Zinc Chelate – 9-14.5% Zn,
and manure are used in agriculture.
Soil Test:
For available Zn determination four extractants are
generally used:
0.1M HCL, EDTA-(NH4)2CO3,
Dithizone - NH4OAC, and DTPA-TEA.
Soil content of Zn of 2ppm (0.0002%) and higher are
sufficient for most of the crops, <2 ppm is deficient
for pecans, <0.8 ppm is deficient for corn. When Zn
concentration is less than 0.3 ppm, deficiency
symptoms are observed in less sensitive crops such
as cotton, wheat, soybean, etc.
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References:
Allowey, B.J. (ed.). 1990. Heavy Metals in Soils. John Wiley and Sons.
New York.
Johnson, G.V., W. R. Raun, H.Zang, and J.A. Hattey. 1997 Oklahoma Soil
Fertility Handbook. 4th ed. Department of Agronomy Oklahoma State
University.
Kabata-Pendias, A., H. Pendias. 1991. Trace elements in soils and plants.
2nd ed. CRC Press Boca Raton Ann Arbor London.
Nriagu, J.O. (ed.). 1980. Zinc in the Environment. John Wiley and Sons.
New York.
Prasad, R., and J.F. Power. 1997. Soil Fertility Management for Sustainable
Agriculture. CRC Press LLC. New York.
Raun, W.R., G.V. Johnson, R.L. Westerman. 1997. Soil - Plant Nutrient Cycling
and Environmental Quality. Oklahoma State University.
Robson, A.D. (ed.). 1993. Zinc in Soils and Plants. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Australia.
Marschner, H. 1995. Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. 2nd ed. Academic Press.
London.
Tisdale, S.L., W.L. Nelson, J. D. Beaton, and J.L. Havlin. 1993. Soil Fertility
and Fertilizers. 5th ed. MacMillian. USA.
Authors: Francisco Gavi, Chad Dow, John Ringer, Erna Lukina, and Jon-Karl Fuhrman