Transcript Welcome to “Introduction to Botany & Zoology”

Welcome to
“Introduction to Botany & Zoology”
Mrs. Schalles
Textbook: Introduction to Botany by Murray Nabors
Pics from: http://www.botany.com/index.16.htm
What to expect: (see agenda)
• Approximately 18 weeks on Plants
• 4 weeks on microbes & a discussion of other
photosynthetic organisms
• Rest of the year:
– Short review of invertebrates
– About 12 weeks of vertebrates, especially
birds & mammals & including animal
behavior.
What to expect with Botany: (see agenda)
• 4-5 weeks: chapter 1 & classification (chapters 20-23)
• 1-2 weeks: chapter 2 review of the cell – students will review
chapter independently- write a paper on medically important plant
compounds
• 1-2 weeks: chapter 3- Plant structures &Types of cells
• 1-2 weeks: chapter 4 Plant structures- Roots, Stems & Leaves
• 2 weeks: chapter 5 Plant structures- secondary growth (wood,
bark, cork)
• 2 weeks: chapter 6- Reproduction in plants
• 2 weeks: chapter 7 Basic plant biochemistry
• Few days- chapter 8 student packet on photosynthesis
• Few days- chapter 12/13 genetics review
• 2 weeks- chapter 14 - Plant Biotechnology
Guests & special events planned:
• Chapter 1 & 20-23 Intro & classification
– Game commissioner speaker
– nature walk
• Chapter 5(wood)-Bonsai tree speaker
– Make bonsai tree? (Need to know this week if students want to
pay to do this for extra credit)
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Tree ID from bark
Make own paper
Sustainable wood resources
Hardwoods in guitars, instruments
• Chapter 6- Reproduction in plants– Unusual fruit day
– FT-Phipps Conservatory
• Chapter 14- Biotechnology
– Possible FT to Carnegie museum plant lab
Class rules
• Be prepared!
Bring your own pencil & a calculator will be needed many days.)
• Be on time!
– Be in your seat when the bell rings. 3 tardy = a detention.
• Be polite! -One person at a time talks, raise your hand, no rude
language, Do not interrupt me in the middle of a lecture!
Restroom passes are given at the beginning of
class OR during desk work- not in the middle
of a lecture.
• No eating or drinking or personal
grooming in class!
• Be educated!
How to contact me:
• Mrs. Lori Schalles
• Email: [email protected]
• Website:
http://www.geocities.com/schalleslori
Lab Report Format
• Title Page -Name of experiment, Lab partners, date,
possible diagram or design
• Introduction –Acquaint reader with experiment, state
problem to be solved background theory, purpose of work.
• Methods & Materials – Complete list of equipment
• Procedure – Numbered description of all the steps
• Results & Data – Give actual results, not what should have
happened. Can include tables, charts, graphs, diagrams.
• Discussion/Conclusion – Sentences discuss, analyze ,
interpret results, critique of experiment, what was learned.
• References – Include author, title, publishing company , date
Expected Quality of Work
• Please write in complete sentences.
• Use legible handwriting
• Turn in work on time- penalty for
late work.
• Do your own work.
Writing Assignments:
(See each assignment sheet for details)
• Introduction:
– Here you will introduce topic.
• Body: 3 paragraphs- see English Dept handout
– This section may be several paragraphs long. Each paragraph should have a
topic sentence & a concluding sentence & one or more sentences about the topic
in-between.
– Use complete sentences (no phrases or lazy answers)
– Discuss what you have learned about this topic from the reading & answer any
questions that have been assigned.
• Conclusion
– Summarize the article & your thoughts You should add a personal statement
(about the relevance of the reading to something in your life, its application to
society or a thought about what might happen in the future, etc.)
Lab Safety
• Go over lab safety hand-out
Report any accident (spill,
etc.) or injury (cut,
• Must be signed breakage,
burn, etc.) to the teacher
immediately,
• Questions?
http://nobel.scas.bcit.ca/debeck_pt/science/safety.htm
Review Jeopardy Game
• Pass out white boards
• See how much you remember
• Jeopardy Game
• Obscure Science Facts Game
What is Botany?
“Botany”
• From the Greek word for
“plant” or ‘herb”.
• All of our biological energy needs are met
by the plant kingdom, either directly or
through herbivorous animals
What is Botany?
• The study of plants
• The first people to specialize in the study
of botany were primitive medicine men &
witch doctors
– had to know the plants that could kill or cure
people.
– botany was closely linked with medicine for
hundreds of years.
Branches of Botany:
• Plant Anatomy - the structure of plants
• Plant Genetics- plant heredity
• Ecology - studies of the distribution of plants
throughout the world, & why certain species grow
in certain places.
• Palaeobotany - plant evolution & fossil remains.
• Plant Physiology- plant metabolism.
• Plant Pathology- the study of plant diseases.
Plants can be studied at many
different levels
• Molecular level, -biochemical, molecular and
genetic functions of plants.
• Cellular, tissue and organelle,- which
studies the anatomy and physiology of
plants;
• Community and population level, which
involves interactions within a species, with
other species and with the environment
A little Botany History:
• In the fifth century B.C., Empedocles believed
plants not only had a soul, like animals, but also had
reason & common sense.
• Aristotle classified organisms as:
• Plant or
• Animal
• Aristotle’s pupil Theophrastus
wrote 2 books about plants that still
were in use in the 15th century.
http://www.aboutbioscience.org/wib_botany.html
Botany History continued-
• Carl Linnéus
• father of the “2 name- naming”
system
(binomial nomenclature)
• He invented it in 18th century
• It’s still used to give scientific
names to all species, plant and
otherwise
Botanists also study other kingdoms in
addition to the plant kingdom:
•
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•
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Fungi
Protists
Bacteria
Disease causing organisms (from any
kingdom) & viruses (which are not alive)
• Historically, botanists studied any living being
that was not an animal.
Fungi Kingdom- chapter 19
Characteristics of Fungi:
• Eukaryotic
• Heterotrophic
• Different body plan than other organisms:
– Filamentous cells,
– hyphae
– mycelia
• Botanists study them because they are
Important as:
– Decomposers
– Symbiotic relationships with plant roots
– Associations with other photosynthetic organisms such as
bacteria & algae
Kingdom Protista- Algae: chapter 18
Characteristics of Protists:
• The protists kingdom members are a
variety of eukaryotic organisms.
• May be unicellular, colonial or multicellular
• Some are heterotrophic, others are
autotrophic.
• Botanists are interested Algae which are
photosynthetic
Bacteria & Viruses - chapter 17
Characteristics of Bacteria:
• Prokaryotic
• Some are heterotrophic, some autotrophic
• Some are disease causing.
Characteristics of Viruses:
• Not alive- are not cells!!!
• All require a host- THEY ARE OBLIGATE
INTRACELLULAR PARASITES
• Can replicate themselves with their nucleic acid (RNA
or DNA) in a host cell
Careers in Botany
• An undergraduate degree in botany
prepares students for employment or for
graduate studies.
• Careers in applied fields of:
–
–
–
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plant pathology, forestry, crop production,
horticulture, genetics and plant breeding,
plant biotechnology
environmental monitoring and control
•
What do you think of when someone
says
“PLANT”?
GREEN?
– All Plants are photosynthetic
• LEAVES?
– Not all plants have leaves!
• FLOWERS? FRUIT?
– Not all plants have flowers or fruit!
• WOOD?
– Not all plants have stems!
• SEEDS?
– Not all plants have seeds!
• FOOD?
– Life on earth does depend on
photosynthetic organisms
like plants, algae & photosynthetic bacteria.
Take a kids’ quiz on plants:
• http://www.biology4kids.com/extras/quiz_p
lantintro/index.html
Photosynthesis
&
the Biosphere
Photosynthesis
•Process by which plants &
Certain other Organisms
use solar energy to make food
•by transforming carbon dioxide & water
into sugars (carbohydrates) that store
chemical energy.
•Also very important:
Oxygen is released in the process.
Here is the chemical formula for
photosynthesis:
Carbon Dioxide + Water + Light = Carbohydrate + Oxygen
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Light = (CH2O)6 + 6O2
All life depends on photosynthesis
“Interesting Photosynthesis Facts”from:
http://www.life.uiuc.edu/govindjee/page2.html Rajni Govindjee
•The Sun - source of most energy for
Life on Earth.
• Each minute the Sun converts 120 million tons of its mass into
electromagnetic radiation &sends it into space.
• One billionth of the energy reaches the Earth.
• It takes only 8 minutes for this radiation to travel 93 million
miles to reach us.
• Visible portion of EM radiation (ROYGBIV)
(rainbow) is captured by plants, algae and cyanobacteria.
Why are leaves green?
• The green color of the leaves is
due to the presence of a pigment
called chlorophyll.
• Chlorophyll absorbs blue and
red light efficiently, but not
green,
• the transmitted green
light gives the leaves their green
color.
photos.somd.com
Biosphere
• The thin
layer of
Earth’s crust with the
atmosphere & ocean
layers that support
LIFE that includes:
– All
plant and animal life
– The things that sustain life: air, soil and water.
– It includes a variety of ecosystems that are connected by natural cycles
Pic from: http://www.ucar.edu/learn/images/athylibi.gif
Biosphere- is composed of three parts:
• ATMOSPHERE – a light blanket of air
enveloping the earth, with more than half its mass
within 4 miles of the surface and 98% within 16 miles
• HYDROSPHERE --- the surface and subsurface
waters in oceans, rivers, lakes, glaciers, and
groundwater,
• LITHOSPHERE --- the upper reaches of the
earth's crust containing the soils that support plant
life, the minerals that plants and animals require for
life and the fossil fuels and ores that humans exploit.
Photosynthesis summary:
• Produces almost all of the world’s oxygen
• Produces almost all the world’s food
– All organisms get their energy either
DIRECTLY or INDIRECTLY from the sun
through photosynthesis
– Plants/photosynthetic organisms are the
primary producers in the food chains.
–Sugars made in photosynthesis are the
building blocks of life.
Plants capture only
one thousandth of the
sunlight that falls on the Earth.
Yet, without this process all life
on Earth would come
to a halt.