Transcript Plant Diversity

Plant Diversity
Chapter 22
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I. Introduction to Plants
A. What is a Plant
Kingdom Plantae
1. Multicellular eukaryotes
2. have cell walls made of
cellulose
3. develop from multicellular
embryos
4. carry out photosynthesis using
pigments
5. Most are autotrophs
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B. Plant Life Cycle
1. alternation of generations –
alternating phases between
diploid and haploid phases
2. Sporophyte – spore producing
plant
a. formed by meiosis, and can
grow into new
individuals
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3. gametophyte – gamete producing
plant
a. formed by mitosis, and fuses
during fertilization with another
gamete
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C. What Plants need to survive
1. Sunlight – for photosynthesis
2. Water
a. used for photosynthesis
b. used quickly
3. Minerals
a. absorbed with water
b. used for plant growth
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4. Gas Exchange
a. Use CO2 for photosynthesis
b. Use O2 for cellular
respiration
5. Movement of water and
nutrients – to all parts of the
plant
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D. Early Plants
1. Origins in the water
a. the first plants probably
evolved from protists
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2. The First Plants
a. similar to current day moss
b. simple structure
c. grew close to the damp ground
d. dependent on water for life
cycles
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E. Overview of the Plant Kingdom
1. Plant kingdom is divided into
5 major groups based on
four features
a. Embryo formation
b. water-conducting tissues
c. seeds
d. flowers
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2. Types of Plants
a. Green Algae
b. Mosses and their relatives
c. Ferns and their relatives
d. Cone-bearing plants
e. Flowering plants
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II. Green Algae
A. Any photosynthetic eukaryote
that doesn’t live on land
B. Most aquatic (fresh, salt, moist
soil)
C. Single celled or branching
filaments
D. Absorb water and nutrients
through cell membranes
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III. Bryophytes
A. Bryophytes
1. nonvascular plants
a. vascular tissue
1) tissue that
conducts water and
nutrients
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2. Depend on water for
reproduction
3. live close to ground and draw
water by osmosis only a
few cm above ground
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B. Groups of Bryophytes
1. Mosses – phylum Bryophyta
a. live in areas with lots of water
b. adapted to live in nutrient-poor
soils
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c. tolerate low temps – polar
regions have a lot of mosses
d. rhizoids – long thin cells that
anchor mosses to the ground
1) also absorb water and
nutrients
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2. Liverworts – Phylum
Hepaticophyta
a. thin flat leaves attached to
the ground
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b. Gemmae – small multicellular
reproductive structure – divide
by mitosis to make a new
individual (asexually)
c. Live in soil that is damp year
round
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3. Hornworts – Phylum
Anthocerophyta
a. Live in soil that is damp year
round
b. thin flat leaves shaped like a
tiny green horn attached to the
ground
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C. Life Cycle of Bryophytes
1. Dependence on Water
a. sperm must swim to the egg
b. use water, dew, or rain drops
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2. Life Cycle of Moss
a. Gametophyte stage
1) moss spore lands in a
moist place
2) germination occurs,
mass of filaments grows
called a protonema
3) rhizoids form
4) antheridia – structure
that forms sperm
5) archegonia - structure
that forms eggs
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b. Sporophyte Stage
1) sperm and egg join to form a
diploid zygote
2) grows out of the gametophyte
3) forms along stalk with a capsule
4) capsule matures and opens,
releasing spores
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IV. Seedless Vascular Plants
A. Vascular Tissue
1. Specialized cells conducting
water and nutrients throughout
the plant
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B. Evolution of Vascular Tissue: A
Transport System
1. Xylem
a. transport water up from the
roots to the plant
b. Tracheids – specialized cells
in vascular plants that conduct
water
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2. Phloem
a. transports nutrients and
carbohydrates from the leaves
to the rest of the plant
3. lignin – substance that makes
cell walls rigid
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C. Have true roots, stems, and leaves
D. Types of Seedless Vascular
Plants
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1. Club Mosses – Phylum Lycophyta
a. small, live in moist wood
lands
b. miniature pines
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2. Horsetails – Phylum Arthrophyta
a. Leaves contain silica
b. nonphotosynthetic leaves
arranged in whorls
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3. Ferns – phylum Pterophyta
a. Rhizomes – underground
stems
b. can live in area with little
light
c. live in wet or seasonally wet
areas
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D. Life Cycle of Ferns
1. Diploid sporophyte is the
dominant stage
2. sporangia – structure on the
underside of the frond that
produce haploid spores
3. sori – groups of sporangia
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4. spores germinate, develop into
gametophytes
5. develops into a flat leaf shape
6. antheridia, and archegonia are on
the underside of the gametophyte
7. water is needed for the sperm to
swim to the egg
8. fertilization produces a diploid
zygote that develops into a
sporophyte plant
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V. Seed Plants
Gymnosperms – seeds form in/on
cones
Angiosperms – flowering plants
A. Reproduction free from water
1. seed plants reproduce without
water
2. use flowers or cones,
pollination, and embryos protected
in seeds
3. important evolutionary
adaptation
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4. Cones and Flowers
a. cones - seed bearing structure
in gymnosperms
b. Flowers – seed bearing
structures of angiosperms
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5. pollen
a. pollen grain – contain the sperm
b. pollination – transfer of pollen
from the male reproductive
structure to the female
reproductive structure
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6. Seeds
a. seed – embryo of a plant that is
enclosed by a covering and
food supply
b. seed coat – surrounds and
protects the embryo and keeps
the contents of the seed from
drying out
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B. Gymnosperms – Cone Bearers
1. Gnetophytes – phylum
Gnetophyta
a. reproductive cell is centered
into cones
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2. Cycads – phylum Cycadophyta
a. Palm-like plants, with large
cones
b. grow in tropic and subtropic
areas
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http://www.4to40.com/earth/geography/htm/plantsindex.asp?counter=126
3. Ginkgoes – phylum
Ginkgophyta
a. living fossil – has changed
little over the years of existence
b. male and female trees
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http://www.arborday.org/trees/treeguide/
TreeDetail.cfm?ID=162
4. Conifers – phylum
Coniferophyta
a. pine trees, spruces, cedars,
redwoods
b. Most are evergreens
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Oldest Trees Bristlecone
pines are found in
California, Nevada, and
Utah. Some of these
trees in eastern
California's White
Mountains are more
than 4,500 years old.
The oldest known living
Great Basin bristlecone
pine is a tree named
Methuselah, and is
more than 4,700 years
old.
Picture – Biology text - Information http://ecoworld.com/plants/ecoworld_plants_home
.cfm
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VI. Angiosperms – Flowering
Plants
A. Flowers and Fruits
1. flowers are the reproductive
organs
a. attract animals to transport
pollen
b. contain ovaries
2. Fruit – a wall of tissue
surrounding the seed
a. animals eat fruit, and help
spread seeds
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B. Diversity of Angiosperms
1. plants are arranged into groups,
often groups can overlap
2. Monocots & Dicots
a. Monocotyledonae
(monocots) – one seed leaf
1) parallel veins
2) vascular bundles
scattered throughout the
stem
3) fibrous roots
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b. dicotyledonae (dicots) – have 2
seed leaves
1) Branched veins
2) vascular bundles arranged in
a ring
3) taproot
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Comparison
of Monocots and Dicots
Section 22-5
Monocots
Dicots
Seeds
Single
cotyledon
Two
cotyledons
Leaves
Parallel
veins
Branched
veins
Flowers
Floral parts
often in
multiples of 3
Floral parts often
in multiples
of 4 or 5
Stems
Vascular
bundles
scattered
throughout stem
Vascular
bundles
arranged in
a ring
Roots
Fibrous roots
Taproot
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3. Woody and Herbaceous Plants
a. Woodiness
1) plants have thick cell walls
that support the plant
body
2) trees, shrubs, vines
b. Herbaceous
1) plants with a smooth nonwoody stems
2) dandelions, petunias,
sunflowers
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4. Annuals, Biennials, and
Perennials
a. Annuals
1) complete a life cycle in one
growing season
2) replant each year
b. Biennials
1) complete their life cycle in
two years
2) grow the first year, flower the
second year
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c. Perennials
1) live for more than two years
2) woody stems, or a
herbaceous stem that are
replaced each spring
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Video
Video
Click the image to play the
Fertilizers
video segment.
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