Transcript Breadfruit
Breadfruit A Tale of Two Domesticates? Outline Artocarpus altilus Biology and Distribution The Relatives Methods of Determination Origins… Artocarpus altilus Moraceae Tree Crop Grown for infructescence rather than vegetative storage structures Staple of Oceania 2 “generalized” cultivars A. altilus (Ken Sytsma) Variety of uses Seedless Few-->Many Seeded High productivity Seasonal Mmm…just like potatoes Breadfruit Biology Monoecious Pollen quantity varies Parthenocarpic fruit development in seedless Pollination mechanism unknown QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/webb/BOT410/Angiosperm/FlowersFruitsSeedsLabCombo.htm Distribution QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/WF1.WORLD.JPG Diversity QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Fruiting Season Fruit Shape Fruit Color & Texture Infructescence surfaces Flavor Sections Leaves Seeds SEMs of trichomes Infertility 2n=3x=˜84; 2n=2x=56 http://geo.cbs.umn.edu/~nyree/breadfruit_page.html Ranges of Close Relatives A. mariannensis A. camansi Fig 2. Zerega et al. (2005) Methods of Determination Morphology, ITS and trnL-F region AFLPs Isozymes Fig 10.2 AFLP Data Fig. 10.4 Fig. 4 NJ Tree Fig. 3 Zerega et al. (2005) AFLP (cont.) Fig. 3 Zerega et al. (2004) Fig. 10.5 MDH isozyme phenotypes & AFLP markers Fig. 10.3 What trends are seen in the data? Melansian and Polynesian breadfruit cultivars are more closely related to A. camari Micronesian cultivars are closely related to Polynesian and Melanesian A. camansiderived breadfruit and to A. mariannensis Micronesia has the greatest genetic diversity; however, Polynesia cultivars are most genetically differentiated Dependent on mode of reproduction and human selection Analysis of Molecular Variance Based on AFLP Individual Islands Serve as Repositories for Genetic Diversity Pattern and Process and Man’s Migrations Melanesia and Polynesia Assumption: High genetic variability=Region of Origin Colonization during Pleistocene (40,000 yrs ago), dispersal of A. camansi to “near” Oceania, and human selection Lapita cultural complex shifted to vegetative propagation for longer voyages (4,000 yrs ago) From Fig 1. Zerega et al (2004) Micronesia Triploid A. camansi-derived “E Polyn” Hybrid cultivars Fertile and sterile diploids and sterile triploids Human involvement a must as ranges of A. camansi and A. mariannensis do not overlap Settled from multiple directions many times… From Fig 1. Zerega et al (2004) What about the rest of the World? Travels of the HMS Bounty QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. X Travels of the HMS Bounty QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Captain Bligh Transport Breadfruit to the Caribbean from Tahiti on the HMS Bounty The “No Paradise” rule Mutiny Navigated 3600 nautical miles using a sextant and a pocket watch Pitcairn Island Returned and took 347 breadfruit plants to St. Vincent and Jamaica on February 5th, 1793 QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Thank You QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.