Transcript Early Childhood

Early Childhood
Ages 3-5
Physical Development
• By the end of this stage, children’s body proportions are similar to
those of an adult.
• Children are often in motion.
• Gross-motor skills are refined.
• Putting simple puzzles together is a good activity for building hand
and eye coordination.
• As young children develop their fine-motor skills, the preference for
handedness becomes more apparent.
• Because young children are so physically active, good nutrition, or
fuel, is essential.
Physical Development (cont.)
• MyPlate helps people make healthful food choices. MyPlate divides
foods into five food groups – fruits, vegetables, grains, proteins and
dairy.
Physical Development (cont.)
• As children expand their food preferences, caregivers need to be
concerned about food intolerances and food allergies. Read food
labels to avoid foods that may trigger intolerances of allergies and
remove foods from diet.
• Test your knowledge: Which of these snacks do you think a child with
a soy allergy could consume? Both, neither, goldfish only or wheat
thins only?
Physical Development (cont.)
• Goldfish ingredients – is the safe one
• Unbleached Enriched Wheat Flour [Flour, Niacin, Reduced Iron, Thiamin
Mononitrate (Vitamin B1), Riboflavin (Vitamin B2), Folic
Acid],,Cornstarch,Cheddar Cheese [(Pasteurized Cultures Milk, Salt,
Enzymes), Annatto],
• Wheat thins ingredients
• WHOLE GRAIN WHEAT FLOUR, SOYBEAN OIL, SUGAR, CORNSTARCH, MALT
SYRUP(FROM CORN AND BARLEY), SALT, REFINER'S SYRUP, LEAVENING
(CALCIUM PHOSPHATE AND/OR BAKING SODA), VEGETABLE COLOR
(TURMERIC OLEORESIN,ANNATTO EXTRACT).
Physical Development (cont.)
• Physical activity and play are important to a child’s physical, cognitive
and socio-emotional development. Play is the main job of young
children.
• On average, preschools need between 11 to 13 hours of sleep each
night and about one nap per day. Regular sleep routine is important
to ensure the preschooler is getting enough sleep.
• The progress of toilet learning varies. Enuresis or difficulty in
controlling bathroom habits overnight is common and improves over
time.
• Dental, immunizations and medical examinations continue
Cognitive Development
• Throughout early childhood, children seek rational answers to explain what
they know through observation and experience.
• Piaget called this phase the preoperational stage of thinking as it
represents a time when children’s use of symbolic and logical thinking
grows.
• Children continue to explore their world, learning more and more as they
organized their experiences.
• The preoperational stage is marked by three characteristics:
• Centration (to focus on only one aspect of the situation)
• Lack of conservation (realizing that something can have the same properties even if
it appears differently)
• Egocentrism(regarding the self as the center of all things.
Cognitive Development
• Vygotsky believed that children learn what they know through social interaction.
• Parents and caregivers should provide as many opportunities for creative and
imaginative play as possible.
• As the brain develops, there are windows of opportunity for optimizing the development
of critical.
• Providing children with rich experiences and activities will stimulate brain development.
• Language is an important part of cognitive development.
• Children can focus on their inward thoughts often referred to as metacognition
(awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes).
• Children think about what they remember or metamemory (a type of metacognition, is
both the introspective knowledge of one's own memory capabilities (and strategies that
can aid memory) and the processes involved in memory self-monitoring).
Cognitive Development (cont.)
• Typically, young children learn phonology, followed by morphology,
syntax, semantics, and then pragmatics.
• Phonology refers to the sounds that make up words.
• Morphology includes word structures and formation.
• Syntax refers to sentence structure, or when words are combined to
form grammatical sentences.
• Semantic refers to the meaning of words.
• Pragmatics refers to using language properly.
• Humor can be used positively as a form of self-expression and
language development.
Social-Emotional
• Learning what is considered culturally right or wrong.
• Younger children respond to rewards and punishments instead of
making moral decisions.
• They are in Kohlberg’s first level of moral development, or
preconventional morality.
• http://learn360.infobase.com/p_ViewVideo.aspx?xtid=77334&tScript
=0
Socio-emotional (cont.)
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In their eagerness to do a task independently, children often fail.
This failure can cause guilt, lowering their self-esteem.
Erikson called this stage of socio-emotional development initiative vs. guilt.
Giving choices and encouraging children to practice decision making is part of the
democratic parenting style. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OzCNLu_aLI8
An authoritarian parenting style tends to be controlling and corrective.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JqwDhzGmnHU
A permissive parenting style tend to let children control situation.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yxp5diX7ucA
Guidance and discipline are used to redirect children into a safe or socially
acceptable manner.
Understanding preschooler’s concerns can help adults address the cause of the
preschooler’s emotions.
Socio-emotional (cont.)
• Often, 3-year-old use functional play (Any repetitive action that the
child finds enjoyable. Examples are throwing objects, opening and
closing things, stacking blocks and then knocking them over. )
• By age 4, they begin more constructive play (When children
manipulate their environment to create things. Examples include
playing in the sand, and draw sidewalk murals with chalk.)
• Children more from associative play (A form of play in which a group
of children participate in similar or identical activities without formal
organization.) to cooperative play (Play concerned with solving a
problem by working together to achieve a common goal.)
Socio-emotional (cont.)
• By 3 years of age, most children identify their gender.
• Gender identity is a child’s sense of about being a girl or a boy.
• Gender roles are expectations about how boys or girls should act,
how they should fee, and what should be of interest to them
Special Needs
• During preschool years, special needs become more evident
• Most elementary schools have screening tests for preschoolers to
detect special needs.
• Although screening is usually a formal or standardized procedure,
informal observation is equally important.
• The best person to informal observe a child is the the caregiver.
• One behavioral disorder that can become evident during preschool is
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
• ADHA doesn’t not have a cure, but can be treated with therapy.
Special Needs (cont.)
• One behavioral disorder that can become evident during preschool is
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
• ADHD doesn’t not have a cure, but can be treated with therapy.
• Another common disability that apparent by early childhood is
autism.
• Autism disorders often affect a child’s ability to communicate verbally
and nonverbally.
School Readiness
• Important social skills that help a young child prepare for later school
years include:
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Learning to share
Following simple instructions
Verbalizing thought and needs
Interacting with other children
School Readiness (cont.)
• Appropriate physical development as gross-and fine-motor skills
• Socially, motor skills help a child to fit in with his or her peers.
• Cognitively, motor development is related to learning.