Transcript Slide 1 - University of East Anglia

Master Class:
25th February 2009
Low Carbon Strategies at the University of East Anglia
Presentation available at: www2.env.uea.ac.uk/cred/creduea.htm
Recipient of James Watt Gold Medal
5th October 2007
CRed
carbon reduction
Keith Tovey (杜伟贤) M.A., PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnv
Energy Science Director: CRed HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation
School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia
1
Low Carbon Strategies at the University of
East Anglia
• Low Energy Buildings and their Management
• Low Carbon Energy Provision
– Photovoltaics
– CHP
– Adsorption chilling
– Biomass Gasification
• Awareness issues
2
Original buildings
Teaching wall
Library
Student
residences
3
Nelson Court楼
Constable Terrace楼
4
Low Energy Educational Buildings低能耗示范建筑
Nursing and
Midwifery
School护理
与育产学院
Medical School Phase 2
医学院2期
ZICER楼
Elizabeth Fry
Building
伊丽莎白楼
Medical School
医学院
5
The Elizabeth Fry Building 1994
Elizabeth Fry Binası - 1994
Cost ~6% more but has heating requirement ~20% of average
building at time.
Significantly outperforms even latest Building Regulations.
Runs on a single domestic sized central heating boiler.
Maliyeti ~%6 daha fazla olsada, ısınma
ihtiyacı zamanın ortalama binalarının ~%20’si.
En son Bina Yönetmeliklerini bile büyük
ölçüde aşmaktadır.
Tek bir ev tipi merkezi ısıtma kazanı ile
çalışmaktadır.
6
2
Toplam Enerji Tüketimi (kWh/m /yıl)
Conservation: management improvements
Koruma: yönetimde iyileştirmeler
140
120
Heating/Cooling
Hot Water
Electricity
100
80
60
40
20
0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Careful Monitoring and Analysis can reduce energy consumption.
Dikkatli İzleme ve Analiz, enerji tüketimini azaltabilir.
7
Conservation: management improvements
Careful Monitoring and Analysis can reduce energy consumption.
8
ZICER Building
Won the Low Energy Building of the Year Award 2005
• Heating Energy consumption as new in 2003 was reduced by further 57% by
careful record keeping, management techniques and an adaptive approach
to control.
• Incorporates 34 kW of Solar Panels on top floor
9
The ground floor
open plan office
The first floor open
plan office
The first floor
cellular offices
10
The ZICER Building –
Main part of the building
• High in thermal mass
• Air tight
• High insulation standards
• Triple glazing with low emissivity ~
equivalent to quintuple glazing
11
Operation of Main Building
Mechanically ventilated that utilizes hollow core ceiling slabs as supply air
ducts to the space
Incoming
air into the
AHU
Regenerative heat
exchanger
12
Operation of Main Building
Filter
过滤器
Heater
加热器
Air passes through
hollow cores in the
ceiling slabs
空气通过空心的板层
Air enters the internal occupied space
空气进入内部使用空间
13
Operation of Main Building
Recovers 87% of Ventilation
Heat Requirement.
Space for future
chilling
将来制冷的空间
Out of the
building
出建筑物
The return air passes
through the heat
exchanger
空气回流进入热交换器
Return stale air is extracted from
each floor 从每层出来的回流空气
14
Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs
Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of
the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures
Warm air
Winter
Day
Warm air
Heat is transferred to the air
before entering the room
Slabs store heat from appliances
and body heat.
热量在进入房间之前被传递
到空气中
板层储存来自于电器以及人
体发出的热量
Air Temperature is
same as building fabric
leading to a more
pleasant working
environment
15
Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs
Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of
the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures
Cold air
Winter
Night
Heat is transferred to the air
before entering the room
Slabs also radiate heat back into
room
In late afternoon
heating is turned off.
热量在进入房间之前被传递到
空气中
板层也把热散发到房间内
Cold air
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Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs
Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of
the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures
Cool air
Summer
night
Draws out the heat accumulated
during the day
Cools the slabs to act as a cool
store the following day
night ventilation/
free cooling
把白天聚积的热量带走。
冷却板层使其成为来日的冷
存储器
Cool air
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Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs
Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of
the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures
Warm air
Summer
day
Slabs pre-cool the air before
entering the occupied space
concrete absorbs and stores heat
less/no need for air-conditioning
空气在进入建筑使用空间前被
预先冷却
混凝土结构吸收和储存了热量
以减少/停止对空调的使用
Warm air
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Energy Consumption (kWh/day)
能源消耗（kWh/天）
Good Management has reduced Energy Requirements
Space Heating
Consumption reduced
by 57%
1000
800
800
600
400
350
200
0
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Mean |External Temperature (oC)
Original Heating Strategy
New Heating Strategy
原始供热方法
新供热方法
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Life Cycle Energy Requirements of ZICER compared to other buildings
与其他建筑相比ZICER楼的能量需求
自然通风
221508GJ
54%
28%
51%
使用空调
384967GJ
34%
建造
209441GJ
Materials Production 材料制造
Materials Transport 材料运输
On site construction energy 现场建造
Workforce Transport 劳动力运输
Intrinsic Heating / Cooling energy
基本功暖/供冷能耗
Functional Energy 功能能耗
Refurbishment Energy 改造能耗
Demolition Energy 拆除能耗
29%
61%
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Life Cycle Energy Requirements of ZICER compared to other buildings
300000
ZICER
250000
Naturally Ventilated
GJ
200000
Air Conditrioned
150000
100000
50000
0
0
5
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
80000
Years
GJ
60000
Compared to the Air-conditioned
office, ZICER as built recovers
extra energy required in
construction in under 1 year.
40000
20000
ZICER
Naturally Ventilated
Air Conditrioned
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Years
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Low Carbon Strategies at the University of
East Anglia
• Low Energy Buildings and their Management
• Low Carbon Energy Provision
– Photovoltaics
– CHP
– Adsorption chilling
– Biomass Gasification
• Awareness issues
22
ZICER Building
Photo shows
only part of top
Floor
• Mono-crystalline PV on roof ~ 27 kW in 10 arrays
23
• Poly- crystalline on façade ~ 6.7 kW in 3 arrays
Arrangement of Cells on Facade
Individual cells are connected
horizontally
Cells active
Cells inactive even though
not covered by shadow
As shadow covers one column
all cells are inactive
If individual cells are connected
vertically, only those cells actually in
shadow are affected.
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24
Use of PV generated energy
Peak output is 34 kW 峰值34 kW
Sometimes electricity is exported
Inverters are only 91% efficient
• Most use is for computers
• DC power packs are inefficient
typically less than 60% efficient
• Need an integrated approach
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Conversion efficiency improvements – Building Scale CHP
3% Radiation Losses
11%
61% Flue
Flue Losses
Losses
36%
86%
Gas
Localised generation makes use of
waste heat.
Reduces conversion losses
significantly
Exhaust
Heat
Exchanger
Engine
Heat Exchanger
Generator
36% Electricity
50% Heat
26
UEA’s Combined Heat and Power
3 units each generating up to 1.0 MW electricity and 1.4 MW
heat
27
Conversion efficiency improvements
Before installation
1997/98
MWh
electricity
gas
oil
19895
35148
33
Total
Emission factor
kg/kWh
0.46
0.186
0.277
Carbon dioxide
Tonnes
9152
6538
9
Electricity
After installation
1999/
Total
CHP export
2000
site generation
MWh 20437 15630
977
Emission kg/kWh
-0.46
factor
CO2
Tonnes
-449
15699
Heat
import boilers CHP
oil
total
5783
14510 28263 923
0.46
0.186
0.186 0.277
2660
2699
5257 256 10422
This represents a 33% saving in carbon dioxide
28
Conversion efficiency improvements
Load Factor of CHP Plant at UEA
Demand for Heat is low in summer: plant cannot be used effectively
More electricity could be generated in summer
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绝热
Heat rejected
高温高压
High Temperature
High Pressure
节流阀
Throttle
Valve
Compressor
冷凝器
Condenser
蒸发器
Evaporator
低温低压
Low Temperature
Low Pressure
压缩器
为冷却进行热提
取
Heat extracted
for cooling
A typical Air conditioning/Refrigeration Unit
30
Absorption Heat Pump
外部热
Heat from
external source
绝热
Heat rejected
高温高压
High Temperature
High Pressure
吸收器
Desorber
节流阀
Throttle
Valve
冷凝器
Condenser
蒸发器
Evaporator
为冷却进行热提
取
Heat extracted
for cooling
低温低压
Low Temperature
Low Pressure
热交换器
Heat
Exchanger
W~0
吸收器
Absorber
Adsorption Heat pump reduces electricity demand
and increases electricity generated
31
A 1 MW Adsorption chiller
1 MW 吸附冷却器
• Uses Waste Heat from CHP
• provides most of chilling requirements
in summer
• Reduces electricity demand in summer
• Increases electricity generated locally
• Saves ~500 tonnes Carbon Dioxide annually
32
The Future: Biomass Advanced Gasifier/ Combined Heat and Power
•
•
•
•
•
Addresses increasing demand for energy as University expands
Will provide an extra 1.4MW of electrical energy and 2MWth heat
Will have under 7 year payback
Will use sustainable local wood fuel mostly from waste from saw
mills
Will reduce Carbon Emissions of UEA by ~ 25% despite increasing
student numbers by 250%
33
The Future: Biomass Advanced Gasifier/ Combined Heat and Power
• 1990-2006
– 5870 -14,047 students
(239% INCREASE)
– 138,000 -207,000 sq.m
(49% INCREASE)
– 19,420 - 21,652 T of CO2
(10% INCREASE)
• 1990-2006
– 3308 -1541 kg/student
(53% reduction)
– 140 -104 kg/CO2/sq.m
(25%reduction)
• 2009 with Biomass in operation
– 24.5% reduction in CO2
over 1990 levels despite
increases in students and
building area
– More than 70% reduction in
emission per student
34
Low Carbon Strategies at the University of
East Anglia
• Low Energy Buildings and their Management
• Low Carbon Energy Provision
– Photovoltaics
– CHP
– Adsorption chilling
– Biomass Gasification
• Awareness issues
35
Results of the “Big Switch-Off”
Target Day
With a concerted effort savings of 25% or more are possible
How can these be translated into long term savings?
36
Conclusions
• Hard Choices face us in the next 20 years
• Effective adaptive energy management can reduce heating
energy requirements in a low energy building by 50% or more.
• Heavy weight buildings can be used to effectively control energy
consumption
• Photovoltaic cells need to take account of intended use of
electricity use in building to get the optimum value.
• Building scale CHP can reduce carbon emissions significantly
• Adsorption chilling should be included to ensure optimum
utilisation of CHP plant, to reduce electricity demand, and allow
increased generation of electricity locally.
• Promoting Awareness can result in up to 25% savings
• The Future for UEA: Biomass CHP Wind Turbines?
"If you do not change direction, you may end up where
you are heading."
Lao Tzu (604-531 BC) Chinese Artist and Taoist philosopher
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