Transcript hydroatmo - stjoescience2013

Atmosphere and Hydrosphere
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SJCHS
Atmosphere
• Atmosphere: Layer of gases that surround the Earth
• Composition
• 78 % Nitrogen
• 21% Oxygen
• 1% Other (Water Vapor, CO2)
•Particles: dust, pollen, smoke, exhaust, pyroclastic material
Atmosphere
• Troposphere: 0- ~12 km; temperature decreases as altitude increases
• Heated by solar radiation; where most weather events occur
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Atmosphere
• Ozone Layer: Made of O3
• Formation absorbs UV light from the sun
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Atmosphere
• A major function of atmosphere is to regulate heating of Earth
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Radiation
• Solar radiation: Energy that heats Earth in form of following rays:
•UV, visible light, infrared
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Radiation
•
Light can be transmitted, absorbed, reflected
Radiation
• 50 % of solar energy is absorbed by Earth’s surface/ocean
• 20% of solar energy is absorbed by atmosphere
• 30% is reflected to space from atmosphere, clouds, surface
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Convection
• Convection: Transfer of heat by the movement of a fluid (such as air or
water)
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Convection
•A pocket of air (or a thermal) is heated at surface of Earth by conduction,
becoming less dense
• Air rises, expands, and cools
• Cool air is more dense and will fall to Earth
• Convection circulation cycle repeats
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Coriolis Effect
• Coriolis Effect
• Due to rotation counterclockwise of the Earth, objects change
direction (NOT SPEED)
• Northern Hemisphere: Deflect right
• Southern Hemisphere: Deflect left
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Cyclones
• Tropical Cyclone (aka hurricane or typhoon): Storms that form at low
pressure areas over warm water
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Videos: Hurricane Formation
Fronts
•Front: Boundary between air masses; where most major weather events
occur
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Fronts
• Warm Front: Warm air moves above cold air causing precipitation
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Fronts
• Cold Front: Cold air sinks under warm air causing heavy precipitation
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Seasons
• Solar energy that strikes the Earth’s surface directly is more intense than
solar energy that strikes at an angle
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Seasons
• Due to Earth’s spherical shape, areas at equator get more sun than areas
near the poles
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Seasons
•Albedo: Measurement of light reflected from a surface
• high albedo, more reflection, lower temperatures
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Seasons
• Earth’s orbit is elliptical and Earth is at a tilt
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Seasons
Northern Hemisphere (opposite for Southern Hemisphere)
Season
Tilt of Earth
Day length
Temperature
Summer
Towards
Longer
Warmer
Winter
Away
Shorter
Colder
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Seasons
In Northern hemisphere, objects facing south get more sunlight in midlatitudes
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Seasons
•Applications
•Ski runs tend to be on north side of mountains
•Solar panels face south
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Convection
•Unequal heating, convection and the CE causes global wind patterns that
affect climate on Earth
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Why is the sky blue?
• When sunlight enters the atmosphere, light can scatter (reflected in many
directions)
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Why is the sky blue?
• Light that is reflected is what we see (other colors absorbed)
Why is the sky blue?
• When light hits an oxygen or nitrogen (or any small molecule) shorter
wavelengths of light are scattered
• Light will be scattered in all directions
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Why is the sky blue?
• Larger particles (water vapor) scatter different wavelengths
• Traveling through more atmosphere scatters different wavelengths
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Why isn’t the sky violet?
• Human eyes contain red, green, and blue cones that allow us to see color
• The brain interprets the color of sky as blue
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Hydrosphere
• Hydrosphere: Ocean (salt) and freshwater on or underneath Earth(ground
water/aquifers)
• Freshwater is a limited resource
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Videos: Freshwater as a
limited resource and solutions
• Water in Africa
• Play Pump
• Water in California
Ocean Currents
• Upper ocean circulation is driven by winds
• Gyres: Circular motion of water
• Clockwise in Northern Hemisphere, Counterclockwise in
Southern Hemisphere
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Ocean Currents
• Thermohaline/ Deep Water Circulation: Colder/ high salinity water sinks,
warmer/ less salinity water rises forming a deep water current
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Hydrosphere
http://video.pbs.org/video/2203388630
http://video.pbs.org/video/2222028532
http://video.pbs.org/video/1533347949
http://video.pbs.org/video/2212706337
http://video.pbs.org/video/2263346756
http://www.history.com/videos/the-aswan-high-dam#theaswan-high-dam