Transcript The Scientific Study of Life

Introduction
Chapter 1
Biosphere
Ecosystem
Florida coast
Life’s Levels of
Organization
Community
All organisms on
the Florida coast
Population
Group of brown
pelicans
Organism
Brown pelican
Spinal cord
Nerve
Organ system
Nervous system
Brain
Organ
Brain
Tissue
Nervous tissue
Cell
Nerve cell
Atom
Nucleus
Organelle
Nucleus
Molecule
DNA
Discovery Science & Hypothesis-driven
Observations
Questions
Hypothesis
Control Group
Experimental Group
Prediction
Experiment
Evaluate
Peer Review
Independent Variable
Dependent Variable
refers to a treatment
known to be without
effect; usually used to
compare against a
potential effective
medicine
What do
all living
things
have in
common
?
• Order
– Structure/Function
– Basic building block:
the CELL
What do all
living things
have in
common?
• Regulation
– Maintain
homeostasis
(stability during
changing external
conditions)
What do all
living things
have in
common?
• Growth &
Development
• Unique to
every species
What do all
living things
have in
common?
• Energy Utilization
Take in energy &
transform it to
perform all life
function
What do all
living things
have in
common?
• Respond
– react to
environmental
stimuli
What do
all living
things
have in
common
?
• Reproduction
– Continues the
species as a whole
(otherwise →extinction)
– Is it necessary for
the individual
organism? What do
all living
things
have in
common
?
• Evolution
– Species’ capacity to
change over time
This is not an individual
characteristic!
What do
all living
things
have in
common
?
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NUTRITION
TRANSPORT
RESPIRATION
EXCRETION
SYNTHESIS
GROWTH & REPAIR
REGULATION
REPRODUCTION
Every living thing must
carry out these
functions,
but
do they complete them
in the same way?
Can you define these terms scientifically?
If something is living, it will perform all of the Life
Activities
Do all organisms carry these activities out in the same way?
Use your textbook or internet to help you define these
activities in your own words.
Here
to
there
Darwin Published his book:
Two points:
1.
2.
Species arise through a
process of descent with
modification
Natural Selection
1 Population with varied inherited traits
2 Elimination of individuals with certain traits
3 Reproduction of survivors
Heritable variations are exposed to
environmental factors that favor the
reproductive success of some individuals
over others
The best
adapted
survive to
reproduce
and pass on
their “fit”
genes.
Sunlight
Flow of
Energy
Ecosystem
Cycling
of
chemica
l
nutrient
s
Producers
(such as plants)
Heat
Chemical energy
Consumers
(such as animals)
Heat
Delightful King Philip Came Over For Good
Soup
Ursus arctos
Ursus maritimus
Ursus americanus
Cryphia muralis
Cryphia algae
Cryphia cuerva
Cryphia domestica
SPECIES
a group of organisms capable of interbreeding
and producing fertile, viable offspring in
nature.
Canis familiaris
More than 800 dog breeds exist. All part of the same species.
DELIGHTFUL KING
PHILIP CAME OVER
FOR GOOD SOUP
3
domains
• “Super Kingdoms”
• Highest level of classification
• Least specific
Three Domains
Eubacteria
Archaeabacteria
Eukarya
● LIVE IN UNUSUALLY HARSH
ENVIRONMENTS
● Extremophiles, Prokaryotes
● This is the Proposed 6th
KINGDOM
◦ There are 3 types:
⚫Salt-loving, heat/cold-loving
& methane-loving
Methanogens
Halophiles
Thermophiles
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“common” bacteria
Least like us
Prokaryotes
Peptidoglycan Cell
Wall
• Some may have:
– Slime Layers
– Flagella
– Pilli
• Chains of membranous
prokaryotic organelles
in magnetotatic
bacteria
• Acts like a compass
needle
• Orients bacteria based
on magnetic field!
Thanks Terri Lester for the awesome slides!
●NOT a plant & CANNOT make their own
food. NOT a scavenger
● examples include yeasts, molds, and
mushrooms
●absorb decaying, digested food from the
external environment
• multicellular - possess chloroplasts and cell walls
• make their own food – PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Reproduce sexually – can be asexual
The two main plant divisions are the
bryophytes and the tracheophytes.
moss
sunflower
BRYOPHYTES
the non-vascular plants
low growing
no “true” stems or leaves
moss
liverwort
hornwort
TRACHEOPHYTES
the vascular plants
tall growing
plants
contain xylem for
transport of water
contain phloem
for transport of
sugar
●multi-cellular organisms which
ingest their food –
HETEROTROPHS
●Most (not all) reproduce sexually
• not classified
• contain genetic material
(DNA) but lack cell
structures
• only carry on the life
function of reproduction
Papillomavirus
BUT must have a host
to be able to reproduce
• Debatable!!
POLIO
VIRUS
Bacteriophages
Bacteriophages
Category
Human
Chimpanzee
Animalia
Dandelion
Plantae
Housefly
KINGDOM
Animalia
Animalia
PHYLUM
Chordata Chordata
Tracheophy Arthropoda
ta
CLASS
Mamalia
Mamalia
Angiosperm Insecta
ae
ORDER
Primate
Primate
Asterales
Diptera
FAMILY
Hominida
e
Pongidae
Composita
e
Muscidae
GENUS
Homo
Pan
Taraxacum
Musca
SPECIES
Homo
sapien
Pan
troglodytes
Taraxacum
officinale
Musca
domestica
● Predominately unicellular organisms (with
exceptions – colonial without tissue)
● Either plant-like, fungus-like or animal-like
characteristics
● Ex: protozoans and some algae
– true nucleus and nuclear membrane
● Classification of Protists:
– Motile
– Divided based on their means of LOCOMOTION
Mode of Nutrition, or Life Cycle
Protists move about using flagella, cilia or
pseudopods.
Trypanosomes are human parasites
that cause African sleeping sickness
(transmitted by tsetse flies)
Euglena are photosynthetic
protists.
Paramecia and Stentor
are common pond water organisms.
These protists are food for many other organisms.
Amoeba proteus
causes dysentery
brain eating pond organism
DIATOMS are ocean dwelling protists that make up
PLANKTON.
PLANKTON is food for ocean dwelling
organisms!
Animal-like Protists
• Often animal-like Protists are called PROTOZOA
• Live in fresh or salt water, in the soil, or in the bodies of
other organisms
• No Cell Wall!
Fungus-like Protist
• Heterotrophs with Cell Wall
• Reproduce through spores
• Mold & Mildew
Plant-like Protists:
• Plant-like protists include algae, diatoms and many
others
• They contain chloroplasts and are therefore
AUTOTROPHIC
• Cell Wall present
• Important to the aquatic food chain
The Euglena: clip
● exhibits both animal-like and Plant-like
characteristics
● contains chloroplasts, which are involved
in PHOTOSYNTHESIS
● contains a flagellum, which is used for
LOCOMOTION
● autotrophic or heterotrophic depending on
the availability of light
Kingdom Animalia
• Heterotrophs
– must ingest others for
nutrients
• Multicellular
– complex bodies
• No cell walls
– allows active movement
• Sexual Reproduction
– Most, not all…
• Evolved from colonial
protists
Yellow boxes =
examples
Porifera
sponges
Cnidari
Nematoda
Annelid
Echinodermata
a Platyhelminthes
Mollusc a
Arthropod
Chordata
roundworm mollusksa segmented a insects
vertebrat
jellyfis
starfish
flatworms s
es
h
worms
spiders
↑ body & brain
size, ↑ mobility
redundancy,
segmentation
specialization, ↑ mobility
↑ body size endoskeleton
coelom ↑ digestive sys
radial
body cavity ↑ body complexity
↑ digestive & repro sys
bilateral symmetry
distinct body plan;
cephalization
tissues
multicellularity
Ancestral Protist
specialized structure &
function,
muscle & nerve tissue
specialization & ↑ body complexity
bilateral
© explore bio co.
• Space for organ system
development
– increase digestive &
reproductive systems
• increase food capacity &
digestion
• increase gamete production
• Coelem
– allows complex structures to
develop in digestive system
• ex. stomach
protostome vs. deuterostome
• Examples:
– Sponges
• Body Plan:
• no distinct tissues or organs [acoelomate]
• do have specialized cells
• Symmetry:
• Some are radial symmetric, some asymmetric
• Misc.
• sessile (as adults)
Video
Video
• Examples:
– Jellyfish, hydra, sea
anemone, coral
• Body Plan:
• tissues, but no organs
[acoelomate]
• two cell layers
• Symm:
• radial symmetry
• Misc.
• Predators
• extracellular
digestion
– release enzymes
into gut cavity
– absorption by cells
lining gut
Polyp v. Medusa
Video
• “Flatworms”
– Examples:
• tapeworm, planaria
– Misc.
• mostly parasitic
– Body Plan
• bilaterally symmetrical
• have right & left & then have
head (anterior) end & posterior end
– cephalization = development of brain
– concentration of sense organs in head
– Incomplete digestive tract
• increase specialization in body plan
acoelomate
Video
• “Roundworms”
– Symm.
• bilaterally symmetrical
– Body Plan
• pseudocoelom = simple body cavity
• digestive system
– tube running through length of body (mouth to anus)
– Misc.
• many are parasitic
– hookworm
C. elegans
Video
• Mollusks
– Examples
• slugs, snails, clams, squid
– Symm.
• bilaterally symmetrical (with exceptions)
– Body Plan
• soft bodies, mostly protected by hard shells
• true coelem
• increases complexity & specialization of internal organs
Video
• Segmented worms
– Examples:
• earthworms, leeches
– Body Plan:
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•
•
segments
increase mobility
redundancy in body sections
true coelem
– Symm:
• bilaterally symmetrical
Video
• Example
– Spiders, insects, crustaceans
• Misc.
– most successful animal phylum
• Body Plan
– bilaterally symmetrical
– True Coelom
– segmented
• specialized segments
• allows jointed appendages
– exoskeleton
• chitin (carbohydrate)
+ protein
Spide
arachnids
8 legs, 2 body parts
spiders, ticks, scorpions
Spider
crustaceans
gills, 2 pairs antennae
crab, lobster, barnacles,
shrimp
insects
6 legs, 3 body parts
© Ex. Bio Co.
• Starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumber
– radially symmetrical as adults
– spiny endoskeleton
– deuterostome
Video
Invertebrates: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida,
Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata
• Which group includes snails, clams, and squid?
• Which group is the sponges?
• Which are the flatworms?
…segmented worms?
…roundworms?
• Which group has jointed appendages & an
exoskeleton?
• Which two groups have radial symmetry?
• What is the adaptive advantage of bilateral
symmetry?
• Which group has no symmetry?
© Explore Bio Co.
Cartilaginous rod for
support for the body
• Features
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–
Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
Notochord
Pharyngeal slits
Post-anal tail
• Most (not all) are
VERTEBRATES
– Ex. of invertebrates
chordates: tunicates and
lancelets
Segmented backbone
tunicate video
• Examles
– fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
• Body Plan:
– internal bony skeleton [endoskeleton]
– backbone encasing
spinal column
– skull-encased brain
• Development
– deuterostome
© Explore Bio Co. and Pearson Education
salmon, trout,
sharks
450 mya
• Characteristics
– body structure
• bony & cartilaginous skeleton
• jaws & paired appendages (fins)
• scales
gill
s
body
– body function
• gills for gas exchange
• two-chambered heart;
single loop blood circulation
• Ectotherms: control body heat externally
– reproduction
• external fertilization
• external development in
aquatic egg
Flying Fish Video
© Explore Bio Co. and Pearson Education
Evolution of tetrapods
four limb vertebrates
Humeru
s
Uln
a
Femu
Pelvi
Tibir
s
a
Pelvi
s
Fibul
a
Radiu
s
Lobe-finned fish
Fibul
a
Femu
r
Humeru
s
Tibi
a
Early amphibian
Shoulde
r
Uln
a
Shoulde
r
Radiu
s
© Explore Bio Co. and Pearson Education
frogs
salamanders
toads
350 mya
• Characteristics
lun
g
lungs
– body structure
• legs (tetrapods)
• moist skin
– gas exchange
buccal
cavity
glottis
closed
– body function
Bull frog video
• lungs (positive pressure) &
diffusion through skin for gas exchange
• three-chambered heart;
veins from lungs back to heart
• ectotherms
heart
body
– reproduction
• external fertilization
• external development in aquatic egg
• metamorphosis (tadpole to adult)
© Explore Bio Co. and Pearson Education
dinosaurs, turtles
lizards, snakes
alligators, crocodile
250 mya
• Characteristics
lungs
– body structure
Crocodile Video
• dry skin, scales, armor
– body function
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lungs for gas exchange
thoracic breathing; negative pressure
three-chambered heart
ectotherms
– reproduction
• internal fertilization
• external development in
amniotic egg
heart
leathery embryo
shell
body
amnion
chorion
allantois
© Explore Bio Co. and Pearson Education
yolk sac
150 mya
finches, hawk
ostrich, turkey
lungs
• Characteristics
– body structure
• feathers & wings
• thin, hollow bone;
flight skeleton
heart
heart
– body function
• very efficient lungs & air sacs
• four-chambered heart
• endotherms
– reproduction
• internal fertilization
• external development in
amniotic egg
Bald Eagle
body
trachea
lung
anterio
r
air
sacs
posterio
r
220 mya / 65 mya
mice, ferret
elephants, bats
whales, humans
lungs
• Characteristics
– body structure
• hair
• specialized teeth
– body function
heart
heart
muscles
contract
• lungs, diaphragm; negative pressure
• four-chambered heart
diaphragm
• Endotherms
contracts
body
– [internal control over body temperature]
– reproduction
• internal fertilization
• internal development in uterus
– nourishment through placenta
• birth live young
• mammary glands make milk
Elephant Video
© Explore Bio Co. and Pearson Education
• Sub-groups
– monotremes
• egg-laying mammals
• lack placenta & true nipples
• duckbilled platypus, echidna
– Marsupials video
• pouched mammals
– offspring feed from nipples in pouch
• short-lived placenta
• koala, kangaroo, opossum
– placental
• true placenta
– nutrient & waste filter
• shrews, bats, whales, humans
© Explore Bio Co. and Pearson Education
Genus species
Genus species
italics - typed
Underline - handwritten
© Explore Bio Co. and Pearson Education
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Which vertebrates lay eggs with shells?
Which vertebrates are covered with scales?
What adaptations do birds have for flying?
What kind of symmetry do all vertebrates have?
Which vertebrates are ectothermic and which are
endothermic
• Why must amphibians live near water?
• What reproductive adaptations made mammals very
successful?
• What characteristics distinguish the 3 sub-groups of
mammals?
© Explore Bio Co. and Pearson Education