Transcript Unit 4 – Land use Ch.13

Unit 4 – Land use
Ch.13
Second-Growth forest
Types of forest
Old-Growth forest
Tree Plantation
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Growing Trees
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Forests
Ecological
Services
Economic
Services
Support energy flow
and chemical cycling
Fuelwood
Reduce soil erosion
Lumber
Absorb and release
water
Pulp to make paper
Mining
Purify water and air
Livestock grazing
Influence local and
regional climate
Recreation
Carbon Sink
Jobs
Provide numerous
wildlife habitats
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Harvesting Trees
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How Forests Alter the Atmosphere
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1.
Changing color of
the surface and the
amount of sunlight
reflected and
absorbed (albedo).
2. Increasing the
amount of water
transpired and
evaporated from the
surface to the
atmosphere.
3. Changing the rate at
which greenhouse
gases are released
from the Earth’s
surface into the
atmosphere.
4. Changing the
“surface roughness,”
which affects wind
speed at the surface
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Deforestation
Leads to:
More or Less?
Primary Productivity
Nutrient recycling
Biodiversity
Soil erosion
Transpiration
Air pollution
Is caused by:
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Sustainable Forestry
Unlike fossil fuels, wood is a
sustainable resource.
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Protected areas: Parks, Nature
Preserves & Wilderness
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Managing parks for biological conservation is a relatively
new idea.
•1864 Congress donated Yosemite Valley to California for
preservation as a state park.
•March 1, 1872, Congress establishes Yellowstone National
Park
•for the first time signified that public lands were to be set
aside and administered by the federal government "for the
benefit and enjoyment of the people."
•1891, President Harrison established Yellowstone Timberland
Reserve as the nation's first forest reserve,
•1903 President Roosevelt established Pelican Island in Florida
as the first national wildlife refuge.
•August 25, 1916, National Park Service (NPS) created under
the Department of the Interior
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Protected areas: Parks, Nature
Preserves & Wilderness
How much land should be in parks?
•Costa Rica – 12% of total land
•Kenya – 7.6%
•France – 11%
•U.S. – 11%
How should protected lands be used?
•Tourist attractions?
•Recreation?
•Timber & minerals?
Be familiar with Table 13.2 (p.253)
Goals of Parks, Nature Preserves and
Wilderness Areas
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Protected areas: Parks, Nature
Preserves & Wilderness
Crater lake
Big Bend
Grand Teton
Yosemite
Yellowstone
Acadia
Everglades
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Protected areas: Parks, Nature
Preserves & Wilderness
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A model biosphere reserve that
contains a protected inner core
surrounded by two buffer zones that
people can use for multiple use.
Nature Preserves
-Currently 12% of earth’s land
area is protected.
-Only 5% is strictly protected
from harmful human activities.
There are currently 2,205
preservations in the United States
-Conservation biologists call
for full protection of at least
20% of earth’s land area
representing multiple
examples of all biomes.
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Protected areas: Parks, Nature
Preserves & Wilderness
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Wilderness: an area undisturbed by
people
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Should wilderness be opened up for
mineral and timber removal ??
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
(ANWR)
Should we drill for oil?
Est in ANWR – 4.3 – 11.8 billion
barrels
US Daily use – 19 mil. barrels
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Laws
There are many relevant laws associated
with forests and their management. Your
APES exam will address these laws,
therefore I expect you to know them.
I suggest you make flashcards with the
following laws:
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1. Healthy Forest Initiative (2003)
2. Forest Reserve Act (1891)
3. Multiple Use & Sustained Yield Act (1960,
1968)
4. Federal Land Policy & Management Act
(1976)
5. Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources
Planning Act (1976)
6. National Forests Management Act (1976)
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Wildlife, Fisheries and
Endangered Species
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Wildlife management: goal – to restore the abundance of a species
In order to do this, understanding
Carrying Capacity is critical
Logistic Carrying Capacity –
defined by the logistic growth curve
Optimum Sustainable Population –
Maximum population that can be
sustained without decreasing
population or its habitat
Why is this so difficult?
Examples
p.267-270
The Grizzly Bear
The American Bison
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Fisheries
•16% of protein worldwide
•Commercial fishing dominated by:
Japan, China, Russia, Chile and the US
•90%
of the fishSustainable
harvest comes
from
continental shelves
Maximum
Yield
(MSY):
(10% of the ocean)
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Fisheries
To maximize profitability it is critical to know…
Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY): Pop. size that yields
max. production – ½ of carrying capacity
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Fisheries
Is MSY becoming clear with this data?
The Global
Fish Harvest
Possibly
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Conserving Wildlife
Threatened
(May become endangered)
Endangered
(In danger of extinction)
Extinct
Local Extinction:
A species disappears from part
of its range.
Ecological Extinction:
So few members of a species
remain that it can no longer play
it ecological role
Global (Biological) Extinction:
A species no longer exists on
Earth
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Characteristics of
endangered species:
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Causes of extinction:
H Habitat destruction, degradation, & fragmentation
I
P
P
O
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Causes of extinction:
H Habitat destruction, degradation, & fragmentation
I
P
P
O
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Causes of extinction:
H Habitat destruction, degradation, & fragmentation
I Invasive (non-native) species
P
P
O
Causes of extinction:
Characteristics of
Successful
Invader Species
• High reproductive rate,
short generation time
(r-selected species)
• Pioneer species
• Long lived
Characteristics of
Ecosystems Vulnerable
to Invader Species
• Climate similar to
habitat of invader
• Absence of predators
on invading species
• Early successional
systems
• High dispersal rate
• Release growth-inhibiting
chemicals into soil
• Low diversity of
native species
• Absence of fire
• Generalists
• High genetic variability
• Disturbed by human
activities
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H
I
P
P
O
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Causes of extinction:
Habitat destruction, degradation, & fragmentation
Invasive (non-native) species
Population Growth
Pollution
Overharvesting
US Endangered Species Act
One of the world’s most far-reaching and controversial environmental
laws is the 1973 U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA).
•ESA forbids federal agencies (besides defense department) to carry
out / fund projects that would jeopardize an endangered species.
•ESA makes it illegal for Americans to engage in commerce
associated with or hunt / kill / collect endangered or threatened
species.
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49% of the world’s human population lives on 2% of the land
(in urban areas)
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A city cannot exist without a countryside to support it
The more concentrated the human population the more land
is available for other uses, so cities can benefit urban
areas and wilderness
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Manmade structures tend to absorb and retain more heat
than forested areas
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Cities developed in areas that could be easily defended
and has
• good building locations
• water supplies and
• access to resources (transportation)
Influenced by:
Site:
Summation of all
environmental features
Situation:
the placement of a city in
respect to other areas
For example: Cities found on the fall line in the eastern U.S.
Where the solid bedrock of the Appalachian Mountains
transitions to the softer more easily eroded sedimentary rock.
•Provided waterpower
•Ships couldn’t navigate past
•Difficult to bridge the rivers across the easily-eroded
sedimentary rock
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the spreading outwards of a city and its suburbs to its outskirts to
low-density and auto-dependent development on rural land
with a high segregation of uses (commercial/residential)
San Jose CA
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integrates land use planning and transportation planning
to improve the environmental, economic and social
environments of communities
Aspects:
Safety (historically)
Aesthetics
Transportation
Suburbanization
(Urban Sprawl)
Light & Noise Pollution
Water & Air Pollution
Reconstruction &
Renewal from Decay
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Urban areas can offer more job
opportunities and better education and
health, and can help protect biodiversity by
concentrating people.
Cities are rarely self-sustaining, can
threaten biodiversity, lack trees,
concentrate pollutants and noise, spread
infectious diseases, and are centers of
poverty crime, and terrorism.
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