Transcript Species behavior and Interactions

Symbiosis and
community Interactions
Chp 56.3 - 56.4
Food chain
 One
specific sequence
Food web – all the interactions
Trophic levels

herbivore
Carnivore
Omnivore
Scavenger
 Consumer/carnivore
hunt
that does not
Predator/prey
 Predator
captures and kills prey
Survival techniques and adaptations
 Predators
– camouflage, sharp teeth,
web, infrared sensors, etc
Trap door spider
 Makes
camouflaged lair
Angler fish

Spider web

Green pit viper
 Has
infra red heat sensors in pits
Prey - Survival techniques
 camouflage
– hide
 Aposematic – Advertize poison or
impalatability by coloration
Monarch butterfly
 Larva
eats poison milk weed
 Monarch advertize poison
Predators adapt to monarch poison
 Black
backed oriole
 Black headed oriole
 Black-eared mouse
Poison dart frogs
 Advertize
poison
Camouflage
 Stick
insect
Walking leaf insect

flounder

Leaf Frog

Mimicry
 One
species mimics another
Batesian mimicry
A
normal species mimics a poisonous
one
Monarch mimic

Coral snake mimic
Caterpillar mimics coral snake

Müllerian mimicry
 More
than one unpalatable /poisonous
species resemble each other
 Bees, wasps and hornets

Mimicry in Butterflies Is Seen here on These Classic
“Plates” Showing Four Forms of H. numata, Two Forms of
H. melpomene, and the Two Corresponding Mimicking
Forms of H. erato.
Multiple coral snake mimicry


Plant / herbivore interactions

Plants may use physical defenses
 Thorns
Sticky Hairs

Tough leaves

chemical defenses secondary
compounds
 Poisonous
 Irritating
 Bad-tasting
Poisonous
 Mild
poison
 Daffodils - nausea, vomiting, cramps
and diarrhea
Poison hemlock
 Deadly
poison
Irritating chemicals
 Hot
peppers
have capsaicin
Bad-tasting
 Bitter

melon
mushrooms
Parasite/host Interactions
A
parasite will feed on a host but
does not result in immediate death
Endoparasites – Live in host
 Tape
worm
 Bacteria
 Liver fluke
Exoparasites - External
Ticks
Leeches
Lampreys
mosquitoes
Mutualism
a cooperative relationship where
both species benefit pos/pos
 Ex. Acacia trees and fire ants
 Pollinators

Mutualism
 Ex.
Acacia trees and fire ants
Acacia trees have thorns that secrete
nectar
Ants protect and defend plant from
animals that would eat it
Mutualism - pollinators
Insects
Birds
and others
Commensalism
 Benefits
one species with little or no
effect on the other (pos/neg)
 Ex birds that follow species
Commensalism
 Birds
follow army ants to find food
Cape buffalo
 The
buffalo stirs up the insects and
the egrets can then feed on them
parasitism and mutualism.


Aphids are a major plant pest. They such the sap
out of the plant and their sweet secretions may
cause a heavy growth of sooty mildew on the leaf
surfaces. These same aphids are ‘farmed’ by
ants. The ants feed on the sugar rich secretions
of the aphids, move them to better sites, and
protect them from predators.
Competition (neg/neg?
 Only
one organism will win
Competition exclusion
 One
Species is eliminated from a
community because of limited
resources. Can not occupy same
niche