Transcript Presentation

IUFRO International Conference on
Traditional Forest Knowledge
Accra, 15 - 18 October 2008
*****************
Spontaneous food trees and lianas of the
semi deciduous forest zone (Center-West of
Ivory Coast): Species encountered, plant
parts consumed and food values.
KOUAME-NDRI M.Th. et Dr GNAHOUA G.M.
Programme Forêt et Environnement
Station CNRA Gagnoa, Côte d’Ivoire
Contents of presentation
● Introduction
● Materials and methods
● Results and Discussion
● Conclusion
Introduction
In Côte d’Ivoire,
Very rapid destruction of forest cover between 1960 and
1990, by uncoordinated exploitation, unregulated
forestry and extensive agriculture
Loss of indigenous wild and spontaneous food plants
Introduction
Importance of spontaneous food plants
spontaneous food trees and lianas grow in natural
formations and produce different edible parts (fruits,
leaves, grains, roots etc.) which are consumed by rural
and urban populations
grains
leaves
fruit
Introduction
Importance of spontaneous food plants
(continued)
In the past, these species have played an important
role in the survival of people (period of war, drought
and invasion of agricultural crops by locusts).
Introduction
Importance of spontaneous food plants
(continued)
Today, in rural areas, these plants, consumed either raw
or cooked, are of great interest for food security of local
people (almost daily consumption of these products)
Introduction
Importance of spontaneous food plants
(continued)
They are of equal interest for fight against
poverty (important commercial activity around
these species, involving mostly women)
Introduction
Problem
• However, despite the importance of these species,
there are no strategies for their conservation and
valuation, consequently they are gradually
disappearing;
• In addition, exotic species and timbers are preferred in
reforestation at village level;
• In putting emphasis on the nutritive values of these
species, one could attract the attention of decision
makers towards their improved valuation and
conservation.
Objectives of the study
The study aimed to:
– identify spontaneous trees
and lianas of which parts
are consumed
– determine the food value of
the parts most consumed;
– finally, propose the
domestication of the most
promising species.
Introduction
Material and methods
Material and methods
1- Study area
• Region of Fromager (Capital :
Gagnoa, Center West of Côte
d’Ivoire.
• Area of 2500 km²
• Geographic coordinates :
5°40 - 6°10 LN et 5°50 - 6°20 LO
•
• Climate: subequatorial with
bimodal rainfall pattern.
• Precipitation: 1402 mm
Temperature : 26,5°C.
• Vegetation : semi deciduous
dense moist forest
• Soils: ferrallitic, strongly
desaturated
Material and methods
2- Methodology of ethnobotanical surveys
• Ethnobotanical surveys have been conducted in 3
districts (sous prefectures), in 3 villages per each
district.
• Surveys consisted of informal individual interviews
of farmers: 12 to 24 per village, (elders, youth, men
and women).
Material and methods
Methodology of ethnobotanical surveys
(continued)
• Farmers had been asked about the names of treed
and lianas consumed, the parts that are consumed,
the way of consumption, abundance or rarity of
species,
• The species mentioned by a person were recorded ,
• Samples of consumed parts of mentioned plants
were collected,
Material and methods
3- Methods for determination and analysis of flora
3.1.Determination
Les herbiers du Centre National de Floristique.
La flore de HUTCHINSON et DALZIEL (1954-1972) révisée
par Keay et Hepper,
Les ouvrages de LEBRUN et STORK (1991, 1992, 1995,
1997)
Material and methods
3.2. Farmers’ knowledge about species
Percentage of knowledge and consumption at village
level (Pr.) :
Pr (%) = n / N .100
The percentage (Pr) of each species is determined by
relation of the number of persons who know the species
(n) to the total number of persons questioned (N).
This analysis allowed us to divide the species into three
groups: most, medium and poorly known.
Material and methods
3.3. Division of species inventorised with regard
to the function of the parts consumed and of
their habitat
– Proportion of different parts consumed: fruits,
leaves, others, etc.
– Habitat of species (forest, fallows and plantation)
Material and methods
4. Methodology of chemical analyses
• Physico-chemical analyses were conducted at
Laboratoire de biochimie et sciences des Aliments
de l’Université d’Abidjan-Cocody.
• Parameters analysed: moisture contents, proteins,
lipids, ashes and total sugars.
• Species analysed (6) : Irvingia robur,
Ricinodendron heudelotii, Beilschmiedia mannii,
Treculia africana, Myrianthus arboreus, et
Strombosia pustulata.
Results and discussion
Results and discussion
1- Flora of species encountered:
50 species (43 genera, 32 families)
Biological types
Percentage(%)
Trees
60
Lianas
34
Palms
6
Results and discussion
1- Flora of species encountered (continued)
Compared to data of Gautier-Beguin 1992, who
counted 58 species of all biological types, only 10
tree species and lianas have been identified.
The consumption of spontaneous food species
depends on ethnic groups, food customs and
ecological environment.
Results and discussion
2- Species most known and consumed in the
Département de Gagnoa
N°
Species
Pr (%)
Parts
consumed
Elaeis guineensis
100
Fruits, leaves,
liquids
2
Irvingia robur
100
Nuts
3
Beilschmiedia mannii
82
Grains
Myrianthus arboreus
82
Young leaves,
Fruits
5
Myrianthus libericus
82
Young leaves
6
Myrianthus serratus
82
Young leaves
7
Ricinodendron
heudelotii
82
Grains
8
Zanthoxylum gilletii
57
Young leaves
1
4
Results and discussion
3- Some species medium known and consumed in the
Département de Gagnoa
N°
Species
Pr (%)
Parts
consumed
Cola gigantea
47
Grains, Young
leaves
2
Treculia Africana
46
Fruits
3
Strombosia pustulata
43
Grains
Dacryodes klaineana
41
Fruits, Young
leaves
Raphia hookeri
33
Young leaves,
liquids
Calamus deërratus
31
Young leaves
terminal shoots
7
Spondias mombin
30
Fruits
8
Xylopia aethiopica
30
Fruits
1
4
5
6
Results and discussion
4- Some species poorly known and consumed in the
Département de Gagnoa
Species
N°
1
2
Laccosperma secundiflorum
Bombax buonopozense
Pr (%)
Parts
consumed
18
Apical meristem
16
Pods
3
Chrysophyllum perpulchrum
14
Fruits
4
Coula edulis
14
Graines
5
Trichoscypha arborea
11
Fruits
6
Landolphia hirsuta
8
Fruits
Blighia sapida
4
Graines
Tieghemella heckelii
4
Graines
7
8
Results and discussion
5- Biotope of food trees and lianas identified
 The species have been
found in the forest, in
fallows and in
plantations.
Irvingia robur,
Beilschmiedia mannii,
Ricinodendron
heudelotii, Myrianthus
arboreus etc., are being
maintained by farmers in
cocoa and coffee
plantations, and also in
fallows.
Results and discussion (continued)
!!
6- Parts consumed
 The other parts (bark,
pods, roots, etc.) are the
parts least consumed.
 This applies to 16 % of
species identified.
80
Arbre et lianes alimentaires (%)
 Fruits and leaves are the
parts most consumed.
 This applies to 68 and 38 %
respectively, of all taxons
found.
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Fruits
Feuilles
Organes consommés
Autres
Results and discussion (continued)
7- Physico-chemical composition of parts consumed (%)
Species
Moisture
contents
Proteins
Ashes
Sugars
total
Lipids
Beilschmeidia mannii
9,44 d
6,67 e
5,70 bc
1,16 bc
2,04 d
Irvingia robur
4,74 e
5,83 f
2,31d
4,40 a
65,84 a
Myrianthus arboreus
63,80 b
17,50 c
11,07 a
0,32 c
1,80 d
Ricinodendron
heudelotii
5,05 e
24,72 a
5,63 bc
0,62 c
44,13 c
Strombosia pustulata
8,22 de
9,44 d
2,66 d
1,55 bc
3,55 d
Treculia africana
13,66 c
5,85 f
4,68 c
4,00 a
2,77 d
Results and discussion (continued)
8- Comparison of plant parts consumed with
some other usual food proteins (%)
Species
Protein
contents
Myrianthus arboreus
17,50
Ricinodendron heudelotii
24,72
Fresh meat
22,4
Strombosia pustulata
9,44
Cheese
6,2 -17,2
Yellow maize
(corn)
8,6 - 9,2
-
Protein food
Fresh fish
-
Protein
contents
18,7
Results and discussion (continued)
9- Comparison of plant parts consumed with
some other usual fat foods (%)
Species
Lipids
Fat Food
Lipids
Irvingia robur
65,84
Palm grains
45 - 50
Ricinodendron heudelotii
44,13
Peanuts
46
Results and discussion (continued)
• Compared to usual foodstuff rich in proteins
and lipids, the species consumed are partly
richer in nutritive elements,
• The results show that several food needs of
rural populations are being satisfied by the
consumption of these plant products,
• => Good health and exceptional longevity of
certain rural populations in Africa.
CONCLUSION and PERSPECTIVES
 The ethnobotanic surveys conducted in the
region of Fromager have shown that there
are still spontaneous food trees and lianas
in the dense semi deciduous forest zone of
Côte d’Ivoire.
 The fruits are the parts most frequently
consumed.
 But in total, the leaves are used most in the
preparation of meals.
CONCLUSION and PERSPECTIVES
 The principal species consumed are: Irvingia robur,
Ricinodendron heudelotii, Beilschmiedia manii,
Zanthoxylum gilletii, Myrianthus serratus,
Myrianthus libericus et Myrianthus arboreus.
 Certain species are medium or poorly consumed
consumed, because of either having become rare, or
abandoned, or neglected because of their poor yield
or difficult access.
CONCLUSION and PERSPECTIVES
 The species found have shown important nutritive
values (proteins, sugars and lipids) that justify a
better policy for conservation and promotion of
these plants so far neglected,
 The valuation of these species would be:
 An obligation towards the ecology
 A strategy for food security
 A strategy for the fight against rural poverty
CONCLUSION and PERSPECTIVES
 Also, research on spontaneous food species should
be stimulated,
 by the use of networks,
 by promoting research on the knowlegde of nutritive
values with technological innovation, and a view of
domestication and improved marketing of the most
promising species,
 These aspects would allow creating more awareness
of the public on the necessity to safeguard these
species.
Thank you