Transcript History 11 - cloudfront.net

History 11
1945 to Present
Post War Germany
Threat of Communism
• US declared to take
what ever economic
and military means
necessary to stop
the spread of
communism
• Known as “policy of
containment”
Doctrine of First Use
• US stockpiled
nuclear weapons in
order to initiate
nuclear bombing
whenever enemy
forces threatened
America
Red Scare
• A near hysteria was
created in the late
40's and 50's with
hearings led by Joseph
McCarthy accusing
people of belonging to
the Communist Party
Post-WWII Relationships
• relationships between Soviet Union &
other Allies worsen
• Cold War: an era of high tension & bitter
rivalry between the United States & the
Soviet Union in the decades following
WWII
Struggle Begins
• military rivalry
-technology of weapons
-number of weapons
• power struggle
-influence in world
-best government, economic policies
-best societies for its people
Struggle Begins
• communism spread out of Soviet Union
-United States & Great Britain worried
• Stalin & Truman thought another war
would start
“Iron Curtain”
Where did the Iron Curtain come
from?
• On 5th March, 1946 Winston Churchill gave a
speech at Westminster College, Fulton Missouri,
When he was given an honorary degree.
• Following the end of World War 2, Europe had
become divided between East and West, the East
being under control of Soviet Russia.
• The expression "Iron Curtain" refers to the tanks,
guns and other armaments and physical barriers
with which the Soviets enforced their control.
Speech by Churchill
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UanEtKP7
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“Iron Curtain”
• Winston Churchill
• division of Communist countries in East
Europe & non-Communist countries in
Western Europe = “Iron Curtain”
Berlin Blockade
• 1947  plans for democratic nation in
West Germany & government in West
Berlin
• June 1948  Soviets blocked land, rail, &
water routes
• goal = force Western influence/power out
of Berlin
Berlin Airlift
Berlin Airlift = effort to supply West Berlin
by air
• provided food, coal, & other resources
• May 1949  Soviets called off blockade
The West Resists
• democracies in West wanted to contain
Communism in the East
• early 1947  Greece & Turkey
threatened by Soviet-backed Communists
-West reacted
Truman Doctrine
• created in 1947
• pledge to provide military & economic
aid to countries threatened by
communism
• US Congress sent millions of dollars to
Greece & Turkey
The West Resists
• post-WWII economics in Europe = bad
• Truman feared if conditions worsened,
Europeans might turn to communism
• mid-1947  US Congress launched
program for economic aid to Europe
Marshall Plan
• plan for the economic reconstruction of
Europe after WWII
• provided money for rebuilding &
preserving political stability in Europe
• $13 billion provided to Europe under this
policy
New Nations & Alliances
• United States, Canada, & Western
European countries joined alliance
-military alliance = NATO (North
Atlantic Treaty Organization) in 1949
• Soviet Union & Communist countries in
Eastern Europe joined alliance
-military alliance = Warsaw Pact in 1955
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(1949)
 United States
 Luxemburg
 Belgium
 Netherlands
 Britain
 Norway
 Canada
 Portugal
 Denmark
 1952: Greece &
Turkey
 France
 Iceland
 Italy
 1955: West Germany
 1983: Spain
Warsaw Pact (1955)
}
U. S. S. R.
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East Germany
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Albania
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Hungary
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Bulgaria
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Poland
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Czechoslovakia
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Rumania
The Korean War: A “Police Action”
(1950-1953)
Kim Il-Sung
Syngman Rhee
“Domino Theory”
Korean War
• Allies gained control of Korean peninsula
when Japan surrendered in 1945
• Korea temporarily divided in half
-north = Soviet control; Communist
-south = US control; non-Communist
• June 1950  north attacked south
Korean War
• goal in North Korea: unite under one
Communist regime
• US asked UN to approve use of force to stop
North Korea
-UN assembled task force with soldiers
from 17 countries (majority = American)
The Hungarian Uprising: 1956
Imre Nagy, Hungarian
Prime Minister
}
Promised free
elections.
}
This could lead to the
end of communist rule
in Hungary.
Sputnik I (1957)
The Russians have beaten America in
space—they have the technological edge!
Nixon-Khrushchev
“Kitchen Debate”
(1959)
Cold War --->
Tensions
<--- Technology
& Affluence
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col. Francis Gary
Powers’ plane was
shot down over Soviet
airspace.
Paris, 1961
Khrushchev & JFK meet to discuss Berlin and
nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev thinks that
JFK is young, inexperienced, and can be rolled.
The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961)
Checkpoint
Charlie
Ich bin ein Berliner!
(1963)
President Kennedy
tells Berliners
that the West is
with them!
Khruschev Embraces Castro,
1961
Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
The Arms Race:
A “Missile Gap?”
}
The Soviet Union
exploded its first
A-bomb in 1949.
}
Now there were
two nuclear
superpowers!
Vietnam War: 1965-1973
Conflict Between France & Vietnam
• The Vietnam War grew out of
the long conflict between
France and Vietnam.
– In July 1954, after one hundred
years of colonial rule, a defeated
France was forced to leave
Vietnam.
– Nationalist forces under the
direction of General Vo Nguyen
Giap defeated the allied French
troops at the remote mountain
outpost of Dien Bien Phu in the
northwest corner of Vietnam.
The Geneva Peace Accords
• The Geneva Peace Accords,
signed by France and Vietnam in
the summer of 1954, provided
for the temporary partition of
Vietnam at the 17th parallel,
with national elections in 1956 to
reunify the country.
• In the North, a communist
regime, supported by the Soviet
Union and the People's Republic
of China, set up its headquarters
in Hanoi under the leadership of
Ho Chi Minh.
Opposition to Geneva Accords
• The United States prevented the elections that were
promised under the Geneva conference because it knew
that the Communists would win.
– Secretary of State John Foster Dulles thought the Geneva Accords
granted too much power to the Communist Party of Vietnam.
– He and President Dwight D.
Eisenhower supported the creation of
a counter-revolutionary alternative
south of the 17th parallel.
• This was accomplished through
formation of the Southeast Asia
Treaty Organization (SEATO).
The Domino Theory
• American policymakers developed the “Domino
Theory” as a justification for the involvement. This
theory stated, “If South Vietnam falls to the
Communist, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Burma, India
and Pakistan would also fall like dominos. The Pacific
Islands and even Australia could be at risk”.
Why Did the United States
Fight a War in Vietnam?
• Basically to hold the line against
the spread of world
Communism. America paid for
the war the French fought
against Communist Vietnam as
a part of the Truman Doctrine
(1947) “to help free peoples to
maintain their free institutions
and their national integrity
against … totalitarian regimes.”
In the 1950’s, America became
involved again.
Longest and Most Unpopular War
• The Vietnam War was the longest
and most unpopular war in
American history. During the war:
– 58,000 Americans lost their lives.
• The oldest man killed was 62 years old;
the youngest, 16.
• 61% of the men killed were 21 or
younger.
– 304,000 were wounded.
– 75,000 were severely disabled.
– The United States spent over $200
billion dollars on the war.
How did the North Vietnamese
Fight Back Against the U.S. Invaders?
• The North Vietnamese used classic Maoist
guerrilla tactics. “Guerrillas must move
through the peasants like fish through sea,”
i.e., the peasants will support them as much as
they can with shelter, food, weapons, storage,
intelligence, recruits.
Tunnel Complexes
• The Vietnamese built large tunnel complexes
such as the ones at Cu Chi near Saigon. This
protected them from the bombing raids by the
Americans and gave them cover for attacking
the invaders.
Search & Destroy Tactics
• The United States countered
with “Search and Destroy”
tactics. In areas where the NLF
were thought to be operating,
troops went in and checked for
weapons. If they found them,
they rounded up the villagers and burned the villages
down.
• This often alienated the peasants from the American/South
Vietnamese cause.
– As one marine said – “If they weren’t Vietcong before we got
there, they sure as hell were by the time we left”.
– The NFL often helped the villager’s re-build their homes and bury
Anti-War Sentiments
• As the deaths mounted
and Americans
continued to leave for
Southeast Asia, the
Johnson administration
was met with the full
weight of American
anti-war sentiments.
Anti-War Protests
• Protests erupted on college campuses and in
major cities at first, but by 1968 every corner
of the country seemed to have felt the war's
impact.
Campus Protests & Shootings
• The intense bombing
campaigns and
intervention in
Cambodia in late
April 1970 sparked
intense campus
protests all across
America.
Kent State
• At Kent State in
Ohio, four students
were killed by
National Guardsmen
who were called out
to preserve order on
campus after days of
anti-Nixon protest.
Jackson State
• Shock waves crossed the
nation as students at
Jackson State in
Mississippi were also shot
and killed for political
reasons, prompting one
mother to cry, "They are
killing our babies in
Vietnam and in our own
backyard."
The Paris Peace Agreement
• In early January 1973, the Nixon
White House convinced Saigon
that they would not abandon the
South Vietnamese army if they
signed the peace accord.
• On January 23, therefore, the
final draft was initialed, ending
open hostilities between the
United States and North
Vietnam.
• The Paris Peace Agreement did
not end the conflict in Vietnam,
however, as Saigon continued to
battle Communist forces.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XgW0oUi94k
1974
Nixon resigns after Watergate Scandalcovering up burglary of Democratic
National Committee headquarters
Civil Disobedience
definition
refusal to obey a law that is considered
unjust by using nonviolent techniques such
as boycotting, picketing, and sit-ins,
especially for the purpose of bringing about
change to said unjust law
“An unjust law is a code that a
majority inflicts on a minority
that is not binding on itself.
This is difference made legal.”
“On the other hand a just law is
a code that a majority compels
a minority to follow that it is
willing to follow itself. This is
sameness made legal.”
Brown v. Board of Education
1954
• background
-Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896
-segregation is legal if “separate, but equal”
• Brown v. Board of Ed. overturned this
-segregation in public schools is
unconstitutional because not “equal”
• paved the way for further integration
#1
1957: Little Rock Nine
#2
1955: Montgomery Bus Boycott
Montgomery Bus Boycott
1955
• December 1, 1955-December 21, 1956
• sparked by Rosa Parks’ arrest
-Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her
seat to a white man
• people walked and carpooled to work, to
run errands, etc.
#3
1963: Woolworth’s SIT-IN
Jackson, Mississippi
Civil Rights Act
1964
• proposed by Pres. Kennedy, signed by
Pres. Johnson
• made racial discrimination illegal in
public places, such as
-theaters, restaurants, & hotels
• also dealt with problem of AfricanAmericans voting in the Deep South
#4
1963: a march
Birmingham, Alabama
Other Civil Rights Leaders
• WEB du Bois (1868-1963)
– wanted African-Americans to assimilate into
white culture, which would make them equal
• Malcolm X (1925-1965)
– wanted a separate country for black people
until it was possible for them all to return to
Africa