Transcript Chapter 30 Power Point

Chapter 30: The War to End War, 19171918
p. 696-717
What were the root causes of World
War I?
 Imperialism
 Nationalism
 Militarism
 Entangling Alliances
 What was the spark that set off the war?
Archduke Franz Ferdinand &
His Family
The Assassination: Sarajevo
The Assassin: Gavrilo
Princip
Even though the US under President
Wilson claimed neutrality, were we ever
actually neutral?
 Close cultural, linguistic, economic ties w/ Brits
 Communication from Brits
 Anti-German sentiment, lack of support from immigrants
 Anti-democratic governments
 Plans for industrial sabotage
 Trade w/ allies
If the Germans were free to trade with
the US too, what was the problem?
 Germans prevented from US trade due to geography, British
blockade (map p.691)
 British force US ships bound for Germany into own ports –
US/German trade ceases
 Germans announce sub-war around British isles
How does German submarine warfare
draw the US into WWI?
 Germans declared would not sink “neutral” ships but mistakes
will happen
 WW warns “strict accountability” for attacks on US
ships/citizens
 5/7/15 – Lusitania sunk w/ 128 US killed (was actually
carrying 4200 cases of ammo – eastern US inflamed, most
still anti-war
 WW negotiates w/ Germans (to the distaste of both pacifists
like Sec State Bryan and pro-war TR)
Lusitania Sunk
Continued
 August 1915 – Germans agree not to sink
unarmed/unresisting passenger ships without warning
 Violated w/ sinking of Sussex –WW warns to stop again or
would break diplomatic relations
 Agree to Sussex Pledge: no sinking of passenger ships w/out
warning; but Germans attach that US would have to persuade
allies to modify blockade
 As late as Jan 1917, WW still professing neutrality, when
Germany announces plan for unrestricted sub-warfare – all
ships at risk
What made Germany make the decision for
unrestricted sub-warfare? (Paragraph 1)
 War had dragged on for 3 years; Germans gambled that could
eliminate Brits before US entered war
 WW breaks diplomatic relations, but no war unless “overt”
actions against US citizens
 WW asks Congress for arming US merchant ships
What were the final acts that drew the
US into the war? (Paragraph 2)
 Zimmerman note intercepted 3/1/17
 Sinking of 4 US merchant ships in first 2 weeks of March
 Russian revolution toppled so now US could fight for
democracy w/out Russian despotism on their side
 War declared by Congress 4/6/17
The Zimmerman Telegram
How did Wilson gain support among
isolationist Americans for US involvement
in the war? (Paragraph 2)
 Proclaim glorified aims: crusade “to make the world safe for
democracy”
 Not fighting for riches or land, but to shape international order
where democracy would flourish w/out fear of autocrats and
militarists
 Modern world couldn’t afford type of war capable of being
waged
 Becomes recognized as moral leader of allied cause
What did Wilson include in his 14
Points Address? (Paragraph 3)
 Inspired allies to make greater efforts, demoralized enemies
by making promises to their angry minorities
 Included
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Abolish secret treaties
Freedom of the seas
Free trade
Reduction of arms
Decolonization
Capstone point: international organization for collective
security (League of Nations)
 Not all 14 points praised by everyone
How were Americans minds mobilized
for war? (Paragraph 4)
 Committee on Public Information
 PROPAGANDA!
 George Creel – sell US on war, sell world on WW’s aims
 150k workers
 75k “4 minute men”
 The Poster War
 Posters, leaflets, booklets, songs, movies: The Kaiser, the Beast
of Berlin;To Hell with the Kaiser
 Somewhat oversold – disappointment when all promises
couldn’t be accomplished
In what ways were civil liberties
curtailed during the war? (Paragraph 5)
 Hysterical hatred of everything German: tar/feather,
beatings, lynchings; books, music, language classes cancelled;
liberty cabbage, liberty steak
 Espionage Act (1917), Sedition Act (1918): severe free
speech limitations; can’t speak or write anything bad about
gov’t or war or interfere with anything to do with war
 Supreme Court upholds constitutionality in Schenck v. US
(1919) – free speech can be revoked when poses “clear and
present danger” to nation
In what ways did industry and labor
help to win the war? (Paragraph 6)
 Economic mobilization taken over by War Industries Board –
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Bernard Baruch – coordinate nations resources and
industries to produce wartime economy
War Department’s “work or fight” rule
National War Labor Board – head off labor disputes, wages,
hours (but no legalization of unions) – another problem was
that wartime inflation threatened to outdo wage gains
First Great Migration and it’s problems
Women – NAWSA – women must take part in war to win
democracy at home – WW agrees – states, then 19th
What were the effects of the war economy
on the people at home? (Paragraph 8)
 As “larder” of democracy, US had to feed allies and itself –
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Herbert Hoover, Food Administration
Like other agencies, sought voluntary compliance – no ration
cards (like WWII) – propaganda included wheatlessWendesdays,
meatless Tuesdays; Victory Gardens
18th amend – need grains for food, not booze, German beers
Fuel Administration – heatless Mondays, lightless nights, gasless
Sundays
Liberty Loan drives (21 billion raised) – sometimes forced on
reluctant buyers
Nationalization of RR
Promotion of national unity
THE POSTER WAR! By the CPI
Food Administration Posters
Food Administration Posters
Fuel Administration Posters
Liberty Bonds – BUY THEM!!!
Reminding immigrants they are
Americans
How did the US raise enough troops to
fight in the war? (Paragraph 9)
 Need to raise army quick to help faltering allies
 Conscription was only answer – finally passed 6 weeks after
war declared
 All males b/t 18-45 – no buying way out or hiring
substitutes – w/in few months grew to over 4 million
 Some women permitted to join, African Americans in
segregated units
Enlistment Propaganda
Women’s Roles
Women’s Roles
At the end of the war, what were the
main contributions of the US to the
allied victory? (Paragraph 11)
 Armistice day, 11:00, 11/11/18
 Germans turn to US to negotiate peace based on 14 Points –
WW says Kaiser must go first
 US contributes food, weapons, money, oil, manpower – not
battlefield victories
What types of new technologies were
employed during WWI that contributed to
the large number of casualties?
Trench Warfare – A GREAT Idea!
WWI Casualties by Country
10,000,000
9,000,000
8,000,000
7,000,000
6,000,000
5,000,000
4,000,000
3,000,000
2,000,000
1,000,000
0
Russia
Germany
Austria-Hungary
France
Great Britain
Italy
Turkey
US
What problems did Wilson have in trying
to negotiate peace on his moralistic 14
Points? (Paragraphs 12-15)
 In congressional elections of 11/18, R’s gain narrow majority –WW
goes to Paris a diminished leader
 Decision to go in person seemed flamboyant to R’s – also didn’t take
any R’s in his peace delegation
 In France – Paris Conference taken over by Big 4: US, Italy, Britain,
France (Germany left out) – and differences soon become apparent:
 WW ultimate goal to create League of Nations, but first concentrates on
preventing “spoils of war”
 Forced compromise where allies would take possession of conquered
territories but as trustees of League of Nations
 Feb 1919, all agree to make League Covenant an integral part of the final
peace treaty
Wilson’s Problems w/ Peace at Home
 At home:
 To many in Congress, League of Nations was either waste of
time or an entangling alliance
 “irreconcilables” - militant isolationists that seek defeat of
League – 39 vow to vote against
More Problems
 Completed Treaty of Versailles handed to Germans in June
1919 (Germans were excluded from negotiations)
 G’s were under belief that peace would be based on 14
Points, but vengeance, not reconciliation, was tone –
harshness would lead to rise of Hitler soon after
 Back in America, Treaty met with criticism from both
isolationists and those that thought it was too harsh
In the US
 264 page treaty bogged down in Senate, with Senate R’s
trying to “Americanize”, “Republicanize”, or “Senatorialize” it
 Citizens becoming confused or apathetic toward treaty, so
WW takes show on road beginning in Sept 1919
 On return trip, 9/25/19, collapses from exhaustion and has
stoke several days later paralyzing one side of body
In the Senate
 Senator Lodge takes control to revise treaty w/ 14 revisions
– safeguards would protect US sovereignty – Article X
of treaty morally bound US to help any member victimized
by external aggression (seemed to be removing Congress’s
war-declaring power)
 Defeat of treaty blamed on Lodge/Wilson feud,
traditionalism, isolationism, disillusionment, partisanship,
Wilson’s inability to compromise
Who were the candidates and what were
people looking for in 1920? (Paragraph 16)
 R’s: Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge
 D’s: Gov. James M. Cox, FDR
 Socialists: EV Debs
 R’s
 Bull Moosers back in party after 1919 death of TR
 Create platform that appeals to both pro and anti leaguers in
party
 Harding tells people what they want to hear either way
 Women’s vote also helps Harding to win by over 7 million
popular votes
 Return to “normalcy” – tired of war and 20 years of PR