Transcript WORLD WAR ONE

WORLD WAR ONE
The European War
Causes of WWI
 Imperialism-contest for colonies
 Nationalism- compositeness between
nations and different ethnic groups
 Militarism- development of armed
forces and their use for diplomacy
 Secret Alliances
What was the SPARK?
SPARK
 Assassination of
Archduke Franz
Ferdinand of
Austria-Hungary
 Killed by a Serbian
nationalist, Gavrilo
Princip
Taking Sides
 Allied Powers
 Central Powers
– Great Britain
– Germany
– France
– Austria-Hungary
– Russia
– Ottoman Empire
– Serbia
Eventually the
U.S. entered on
the Allied side
New Weapons to WWI
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Baron von Richthofen
Tank
Submarine
Airplane
Machine Gun
Chemical Weapons
– Mustard Gas
Trench Warfare
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“Over the top”
“No man’s land
"Shell Shock"
"The Lost
Generation"
What caused
America to
join the
Allied side?
British used
propaganda to
convince
Americans that
Germany
committed evil
war atrocities,
like raping
women and
killing children
in Belgium
American Economic Interests
– British blockade did
not hurt U.S. trade
– Br./Fr. $824 mil. in
1914 to $3.2 bil. in
1916
– Bankers loaned the
Allies 3 billion
dollars
– Ger. $169 mil. in
1914 to $1 mil. in
1916
 the U.S. prospered
U.S. Neutrality in WWI
 Wilson issued a
“Proclamation of
Neutrality”
 "There is such a thing as a
man being too proud to
fight; there is such a thing
as a nation being so right
that it does not need to
convince others by force
that it is right."--Speech
in Philadelphia, May 10,
1915
Central Powers
protest trade
Technically trade did not violate
international neutrality laws
Germany free to trade with the
US, but cannot b/c of the British
Navy's blockade
500,000 Germans die of
starvation
Submarine – U-Boat
 German advantage
 disrupted allied
trade
 angered the U.S.
 Unterseeboot, which
means "undersea boat
Lusitania
 British passenger liner, was sunk off
coast of Ireland on May 7, 1915
 1,198 lives lost including 128
Americans
 carrying 4,200 cases of small-arms
ammunition, a fact that the
Germans used for sinking the ship
 Germany refused to apologize; Uboat commander glorified in
Germany.
 Significance: American public
opinion turned against Germany;
perhaps beginning of U.S. road to
entry into the war
 In response, Wilson attempted to
sternly warn Germans against
further aggression
Only 6/48 Lifeboats lowered
Many popular
magazines ran
photographs of the
medal, and it was
falsely claimed that it
had been awarded to
the crew of the U-boat
A fabricated story was
circulated that in some
regions of Germany,
schoolchildren were given a
holiday to celebrate the
sinking of the Lusitania
Sussex Pledge
 March 1916, Germany torpedoed a French passenger
steamer, the Sussex
– Ship damaged but not sunk; 80 casualties including four
Americans
– Wilson told Germany that unless they stopped sinking
merchant ships without warning, he would break
diplomatic relations--a prelude to war
– Germany’s response:
• Reluctantly, agreed not to sink passenger &
merchant ships without warning.
• However, U.S. would have to persuade the Allies to
modify what Germany saw as an illegal blockade.
• Thus, Wilson’s diplomatic victory precarious as
Germany could renounce its agreement at any time if
the blockade continued to inflict damage on her.
1916 Election
 Woodrow Wilson: He kept us out of war!
#1 Cause of War:
Germany resumed
unrestricted submarine
warfare in January 1917
 All ships would be sunk including
American ships
 Used their Sussex pledge to justify policy
as U.S. had not persuaded Allies to stop
"illegal" blockade.
 Germans believed U.S. would enter the
war too late.
U.S. Entrance in WWIZimmermann Telegram
The Zimmerman Telegram
•Intercepted by
British intelligence
•German plot to
draw Mexico into
war against the
U.S.
•Pledged to return
lost territory from
the Mexican
American War if
attacked the US
U.S. Declares War – April 6, 1917
Wilson’s War Message to
Congress (part 1 of 2)
 American Idealism
– “the war to end all wars”
– “the world must be made safe for
democracy”
 War Goal: enter the war to be in the
position to negotiate a just peace
How did the US
hope to control
the peace process
after the war?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points of
Peace
1. open diplomacy
2. freedom of the seas
3. free trade
4. arms reduction
5. self-determination
6-13. change of Europe’s
boundaries
14. League of Nationsbody of collective
security
Goal: To make the Great
War “the war to end all
wars”
Debate
 “The United States entered the First
World War not ‘to make the world safe
for democracy’, as President Wilson
claimed, but to safeguard American
economic interests.”
“The US entered WWI to protect
US economic interests”
$
 Nye Committee
 War a global imperialist fight
to extend capitalism, SPAM 
Imperialism
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 Socialist, Eugene Debs

 Red Scare, Communism in
Russia

 Need to prevent dissent during
the war, Espionage and
Sedition Acts

 Need to have a draft,
propaganda
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
 Zinn Reading and all the
documents- John ReedWhose War? And Eugene
Debs Anti-War Speech
Democracy
Wilson’s 14 points
Moral Diplomacy
Unrestricted U-Boat
warfare
Freedom of the seas,
violation of international
law
Make the world safe
democracy
German war atrocities
Zimmerman Telegram
The Home
Front
U.S. Home Front – The Draft
 Americans did not rush to
enlist
 First 6 weeks, need
1,000,000, 73,000
volunteered
 Congress voted for a draft
 Selective Service Act, 1917
 All men between the ages of
21 and 31 to register for
military service
 3 million men were drafted
 300,000 men evaded the
draft
 4,000 men were
conscientious objectors
U.S. Home Front – AEF
 American
Expeditionary
Force (AEF)
 Newly raised army
to be sent to
Europe
 led by General
John J. Pershing
U.S. Home Front
 Paying for the War
– 1/3 by taxes
– 2/3 by
loans/bonds
• Liberty Loans
encouraged
public support
for the war
U.S. Home Front -- Bonds
U.S. Home Front -- Bonds
U.S. Home Front -- Bonds
U.S. Home Front -- Bonds
U.S. Home Front -- Bonds
Home Front
Economic Regulation
Centralized Planning,
Socialism?
– Fuel Administration
– Railroad War Board
– War Industries Board
– Food Administration
War Industries Board
 Bernard Baruch
 Purpose: to coordinate
the mobilization of
American industry
 Activities:
– allocated scarce
–
–
–
–
resources
controlled raw materials
converted factories
set prices
forced businesses to
comply
Food Administration
 Herbert Hoover
 purpose: to
increase food
production and to
conserve food
 slogans
– “Serve Just Enough”
– “Wheatless
Mondays”
– “Meatless Tuesdays”
– “Don’t Waste It”
Food Administration
Food Administration
Food Administration
How did the Great War open up
opportunities for minorities?
Great Black Migration
 Thousands of African Americans in the
South migrated northern cities, like
Chicago, to work in war-related
factories
 Effect: Race riots occurred in 26 cities
 W.E.B. Du Bois supported the war effort
and hoped a victory would improve life for
blacks in a democracy.
 Led to the New Negro of the 1920’s and
the Harlem Renaissance
True Sons of Freedom
Women
 Militant Suffragists
picket the White House
and arrested, led by
Alice Paul, free speech
issues
 Many women work in
newly emerging factory
jobs
 After war, get the vote
and the flapper is born
The Red Cross - Greatest
Mother in the World
Enforcing Loyalty
 Committee on Public
Information
 Propaganda
 George Creel
 purpose: to create
public support for the
war
 Sponsored 75,000
speakers, who gave
750,000 4 minutes
speeches in 5,000
cities to educated the
public
How were Germans portrayed
in propaganda?
The “Mad Brute”
Beat Back the “Hun”
The “Menace of the Seas”
Government Excess & Threats
to the Civil Liberties of
Americans
Espionage Act – 1917
- forbade actions that
obstructed recruitment or
efforts to promote
insubordination in the military.
- ordered the Postmaster General
to remove Leftist materials
from the mail.
- fines of up to $10,000 and/or
up to 20 years in prison.
Government Excess & Threats
to the Civil Liberties of
Americans
Sedition Act – 1918
- it was a crime to speak against the
purchase of war bonds or willfully
utter, print, write or publish any
disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or
abusive language about this form of US
Govt., the US Constitution, or the US
armed forces or to willfully urge, incite,
or advocate any curtailment of
production of things necessary or
essential to the prosecution of the
war…with intent of such curtailment to
cripple or hinder, the US in the
prosecution of the war.
Espionage and Sedition Acts
 purpose: to arrest
people for writing or
speaking negative
about the War and the
government
 violated the 1st Amend.
 resulted in 1,900
prosecutions
 arrested socialist,
Eugene Debs and IWW
Big Bill Haywood
arrested
 decision
protected the 1st
Amendment
during peacetime
but not during
wartime
 significance: it
created the
principle of “clear
and present
danger”
 Yelling fire in a
crowded movie
theatre analogy
Armistice Day –
Nov. 11, 1918
 Celebrated
today as
Veteran's
Day
Influenza Epidemic
(Spanish Flu)
 the flu killed more
American soldiers
than did the actual
fighting
 the flu killed over
70 million people
throughout the
world
Why was the
Treaty of
Versailles not
ratified in the
US?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points of
Peace
1. open diplomacy
2. freedom of the seas
3. free trade
4. arms reduction
5. self-determination
6-13. change of
Europe’s boundaries
14. League of Nations
Treaty of Versailles
The Big Four
1. Wilson--U.S.
2. Prime Minister
David Lloyd
George, GB
3. Premier
Clemenceau,
France
4. Prime Minister
Orlando, Italy
Change
 Wilson’s 14 points
dramatically altered
into the Treaty of
Versailles
 Most of the 14
points ignored,
except for the
League of Nations
Treaty of
Versailles
 Germany had to accept
the blame for starting
the war
 Germany had to pay $33
billion in reparations
 Germany was forbidden
to have submarines or
an air force
 Germany lost Territory
 Germans felt betrayed,
surrendered under the
pretense of the 14
Points
 PUNISHED GERMANY
How did the Versailles Treaty led to
WWII?
 Versailles very punitive to
Germany
– Affected their sense of pride
– Forced to sign ‘war guilt’ clause
 Economic collapse opened door
for extremists
– Germany = Hitler (fascist)
– Italy = Mussolini (fascist)
– Japan = militarists (fascist)
– Spain = Franco (fascist)
– USSR = Stalin (communist)
Wilson loses Congress at home.
 Wilson’s post-war popularity in
the world unprecedented
-- President seen as a
savior by millions in
Europe
 Rep. victory in Cong. election
of 1918
1. Wilson broke the bipartisan truce held
during
the war to appeal for a Dem.
victory
in the 1918 Cong.
elections.
2. Move backfired; Rep.
regained their
majority
 Wilson infuriated Rep. by
personally going to the Paris
peace conference.
1. Before, no prez had
traveled to Europe.
2. Rep. Senators excluded
in the peace
delegation.
U.S. Opposition to the Treaty
 irreconcilables – never
would accept the
treaty, led by William
Borah and Hiram
Johnson, isolationists
 reservationsists –
accept treaty with
revisions, led by Henry
Cabot Lodge
 Reserv. complained
Article X of the treaty
could drag the U.S. into
war and preserve
Monroe Doctrine
Wilson’s speaking tour, Fall of
1919
 Wilson feared modification to Treaty would encourage
Europeans to amend the League out of existence.
 Wilson decided to appeal over the heads of the Senate to the
people by going on an ambitious speechmaking tour
 "Irreconcilable" Senators followed him
 Wilson had a stroke
 "Better a thousand
times to go down
fighting than to dip
your colors to
dishonorable
compromise.“

-Wilson to his wife,
1919
 Americans initially
favored Versailles
Treaty with the
League of Nations.
 4/5 of senators favored
the treaty, with or
without, reservations.
 Wilson ordered
Democrats to vote
against treaty with
Lodge Reservations
attached.
 U.S. Senate rejected
the Treaty twice
Results
 Rise of isolationism
 Tired of progressive reform and idealism,
led to Harding's return to "Normalcy" and
the Roaring 20's
 Separate peace negotiated with Germany on
July 25, 1921
 U.S became world's economic & political
leader
 Russian Revolution instituted
communism
 Germany devastated by treaty, led to the
rise of Hitler and WW II
The 1920 Election
Congressman Victor Berger
(WI)
You got nothing out of the war except the
flu and Prohibition.
HW: Treaty of Versailles DBQ
 Make a T chart (Wilson or opposition
forces) and sort each document with a
bullet point explaining how the document
answers the question
 Write a fully developed paragraph, ¾ a
page, using 2 documents plus outside
information, answering part of the prompt
Evaluate the effectiveness of
Progressive Era reformers
and the federal government
in bringing about reform at
the national level. In your
answer be sure to analyze the
successes and limitations of
these efforts in the period
1900-1920.
“The 1920’s were a
traditional, culturally
conservative decade in
the U.S.”
 -Assess the validity of
this statement
Analyze how Franklin
Roosevelt’s administration
changed the role of the
federal government in
response to the Great
Depression. 1929-1941
Costs of the War – Central Powers
 Military Deaths
– Germany
1,806,000
– Aust.-Hun.
1,200,000
– total #
3,006,000
 approximately
$60 billion spent
on WWI
Costs of the War – Allied Powers
 Military Deaths
– U.S.
– G.B.
– France
– Italy
– Russia
– total #
116,000
947,000
1,385,000
460,000
1,700,000
4,608,000
 approximately $117
billion spent on WWI
skip
The Yanks
Are Coming!
Yes
 What would Big Bill Haywood, Eugene
Debs, Helen Keller, Alexander Berkman,
Emma Goldman say about this war?
From 1995
 Assess the relative influence of THREE of
the following in the American decision to
declare war on Germany in 1917.
 German naval policy
 American economic interests
 Woodrow Wilson’s idealism
 Allied Propaganda
 America’s claim to world power
From 1989
 “The United States entered the First World
War not ‘ to make the world safe for
democracy’, as President Wilson claimed,
but to safeguard American economic
interests.”
 Assess the validity of this statement.
Americans in the Trenches
U.S. Home Front – The Draft
U.S. Home Front – The Draft
U.S. Home Front – The Draft
U.S. Home Front – The Draft
War Industries Board
U. S. Food
Administration
For “Colored” Men in
Service
African-Americans on a
Troop Ship Headed for
France
“Rescuing a Negro During
the Race Riots in Chicago”,
1919