Transcript File
World War II & Canada in the Post World War Social studies 11 Final Exam Review tutorial Important “ism’s” for WWII Communism A social and economic theory that property and production and distribution of goods and services should be owned by the public and the labour force organized for the benefit of all. The Soviet Union before and after WWII is an example Fascism A form of authoritarian government that was set up in Italy and Germany before WWII. The gov’t in fascist sates is totalitarian and nationalistic Alliance System for WWII Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, and Japan Allied Powers Britain, France, and Canada. USSR joined after 1941 after they are invaded by Germany (the US becomes involved after the bombing of Pearl Harbour) Map of WWII QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Why Canada participated in WWII Canada was no longer a dominion under the British Empire PM King gave a strong speech in favour of joining the war Assured parliament and Quebec: “so long as this government may be in power, no such measure (conscription) shall be enacted.” War at Home In 1940, the National Resources Mobilization Act (NRMA) was passed The Act allowed the gov’t special emergency power to mobilize all the resources in the nation to defeat the enemy (total war). War at Home BCATP: The British Commonwealth Air training Plan was established throughout Canada British pilot instructors would train pilots from all over the commonwealth in Canada BCATP was a major contribution to the war effort as PM King initially wished most Canada’s contribution to remain on Canadian soil War at Home Crown Corporations were created to facilitate industrial production for the war effort CD Howe: Minister of Munitions As a part of total war, Howe told industries what to produce, how to produce it and how much to produce Canada’s economy boomed as a result of the total war effort War at Home In order to avoid both inflation and debt, the gov’t encouraged Canadians to buy Victory Bonds and also raised income tax 1941 Wartime Prices and Trade board froze all wages and prices in attempts to prevent inflation, but it occurred anyway War at Home The gov’t introduced Unemployment Insurance and Children’s Allowance during the war Programs proved to be very popular and continued after the war Women during WWII Women mobilized again to take men’s places in all areas of the workforce Single women were in high demand as they could work long hours Quebec and Ontario provided daycare facilities and built dorms close to factories (ended with the conclusion of the war) Women also joined the Auxiliary Air Force, the Canadian Women’s Army Corps & the Women’s Royal Canadian Naval Service Japanese Canadians Japanese Canadians were seen as spies and saboteurs after Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbour Men were placed in work camps, and women and children were placed in internment camps across Canada including the interior of BC Conscription…Again On April 27th, 1942, the Canadian gov’t issued a national plebiscite to see how voters felt about conscription. The majority of voters, except for Quebecers, agreed to let the gov’t out of their promise and to begin conscription “Not necessarily conscription, but conscription if necessary.” PM Mackenzie King What did the war mean to Canada? By the end of the war, Canada had the 3rd largest navy and 4th largest air force Canada had shared in major wartime projects with Britain and the United States Canadians believed their nation could play a bigger role on the world stage Canadian Campaigns: Hong Kong, December 1941 – Canada had sent troops to Hong Kong a few months prior to Pearl Harbour – A disastrous campaign as all 1,975 troops were killed or taken as POW’s by the Japanese – Nearly 300 troops died in Japanese prisoner camps Canadian Campaigns Dieppe, August 1942 – Canadian troops had seen little action since arriving in Europe (Phony War) – 2nd Canadian division chosen to be main force of experimental raid on Dieppe – The raid went horribly wrong. – Troops were supposed to be deployed at dawn but were late arriving, then ran into a German boat in the harbour (gun fight erupted) – They were then met by German machine guns when they landed on shore – Poor communication between ships and on-land troops – Commanders sent re-enforcements from boats believing troops had reached and secured positions when they hadn’t – 1500 troops killed or wounded; 1874 taken prisoner Canadian Campaigns Invasion of Italy (Battle of Ortona): – July 10th, 1943 Canadian troops invaded Sicily – During Battle of Ortona, Canadian troops used “mouse-holing” tactics fighting street by street, building by building and room by room to secure the town. – A costly battle with over 1300 Canadians killed in one month Canadian Campaigns D-Day: June 6, 1944 (Operation Overlord) – Canadians a part of a full scale invasion of Europe beginning in Normandy, France – Canadians landed & fought at Juno Beach – Canadians successfully infiltrate German stronghold – Was the beginning of an 11 month advance through France and Belgium, towards Germany – September, 1944 Canadians marched triumphantly through town of Dieppe; a moral victory for all that had gone wrong two years prior Canadian Campaigns Liberation of the Netherlands – April 1945, Canadians began their attack on the German-occupied Netherlands – Over 6300 Canadians were killed in the operation – By May 4th, the Canadians had surrounded the German troops and had begun airdrops of food to the starving Dutch – Hailed as heroes by the Dutch (then & NOW!) Canadians at Sea Battle of the Atlantic RCN: the Royal Canadian Navy was a part of the allied merchant ships sailing in convoys across the Atlantic Canadians built “corvettes,” small warships to escort convoys across the Atlantic in efforts to avert being sunk by wolf-packs of German U-boats Canadians in the Air RCAF: The Royal Canadian Air Force participated in bombing raids in Britain, North Africa, Italy, NW Europe and SE Asia Over 250,000 joined both the RCAF and the WRCAF End of WWII: 1945 Germany surrendered in 1945 Japan also surrenders after two atomic bombs were dropped The United Nations is created by France, Britain, USA, USSR & China with a mandate for collective security around the world Canada and the United Nations Canada has always been very supportive of the UN (Canadian John Humphrey - key role in drafting UN Charter) Canadian peace-keepers have been involved in every UN peace-keeping mission since its inception Peace-keeping missions include Korea, Suez Crises, Somalia, Rwanda, and Afghanistan Canada has aided refugees from war or natural disasters and worked on development projects in various countries Canada and the Korean War In June of 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea Canada sent thousands of troops to fight against the North Koreans Fought for three years in Korea, 300 killed another 1000 wounded Canada and the Suez Crises The Suez Canal links the Mediterranean and Red Seas, an important shipping route In 1956 Egypt took over the canal. France, Britain and Israel were in favour of invading Egypt Lester Pearson proposed to the UN that an Emergency Force be sent to the Suez Canal to separate and mediate the rival armies of Egypt and Israel UN Peace-keeping force was formed Lester Pearson won the Nobel Peace Prize in his efforts to defuse the conflict Canada and NATO NATO was an alliance aimed at protecting Western countries from the threat of invasion of USSR Canada joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949 In joining NATO, Canada had to adapt its defence policy to those of its allies Issue of North American Defence US built 3 lines of radar stations across Canada in the 1950’s: – – – – The Pinetree line The Mid-Canada line The DEW (Distant Early Warning Line) Some Canadians felt these defence stations compromised Canada’s sovereignty North American Air Defence Agreement (NORAD) – Created in 1956 by Canada and the US to meet possible threat of attack by Soviets New World Order: Canada’s Role From 1990’s onward, the UN would take a more active role as a global police force moving away from peacekeeping to peacemaking. Canada would be a part of this new world order Somalia and Rwanda were two of Canada’s peacemaking missions in the 1990’s Protecting Canadian Culture By 1950’s, CBC was recognized worldwide for its successful radio programming By 1950’s American culture began flooding into Canada 1951 Massy Commission reported that Canadian culture was at risk and recommended strong support for Canadian culture agencies like the National Film Board (NFB) be strengthened and the CBC be put in charge of the development of Canadian television Protecting Canadian Culture In 1968 the Canadian government crated the Canadian Radio-Television Commission The CRTC was given the job of controlling television licensing, and made sure that radio and TV stations broadcast specific percentages of Canadian content Its responsibilities now include all telecommunication and media in Canada Postwar Canada Prime Ministers PM Laurant (1948-1957) PM John Diefenbaker (1957-1963) PM Lester Pearson (1963-1968) PM Pierre Trudeau (1968-1979, 1980-1984) PM Brian Mulroney (1984-1993) PM Kim Campbell (1993) PM Jean Chretien (1993-2003) PM Laurant Mega projects such as the trans Canada Highway, the St. Lawrence Seaway, and the Trans Canada Pipe-line PM Diefenbaker Cancelled the controversial Avro Arrow project in 1959 when Canada was at the forefront of science and technology Believed in an unhyphenated Canadianism 1st PM to include women in his cabinet Gave Status Indians the right to vote in federal elections Introduced the Canadian Bill of Rights, 1960 PM Pearson Abolished capital punishment Introduced the Canada pension plan, 1966 Medicare Act, 1966 Best remembered for Canada’s new flag Nobel Peace Prize recipient PM Trudeau Prime Miniser in 1968 Believed in a “just society” 1969 introduce the Official languages Act-gave Canadians the right to deal with the governments or courts in French or English 1982 repatriated Canada’s Constitution. The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms became a part of the Canada Act In power when Quebec passed Bill 101 (1976) restricting the use of the English language in Quebec Repatriated the Canadian Constitution in 1982 without the support of Quebec Trudeau Era: The FLQ Crises During the 1960’s an extremist group emerged in Quebec called the Front de liberation du Quebec (FLQ) Extremist group who wanted Quebec to separate from Canada October 1970, FLQ kidnapped British trade commissioner James Cross and Quebec cabinet minister Pierre LaPorte and held them hostage Trudeau brought in War Measures Act taking away Canadian civil liberties to deal with the FLQ Crises was eventually resolved, but LaPorte was found dead in the trunk of a car Trudeau’s Foreign Policy Created a foreign policy less dependent on the US As a middle power, Trudeau aimed to bridge the gap between west/east (communism vs. capitalism) & north/south (rich vs poor) countries Created a policy of Trade and Aid: became the cornerstone in bridging the north-south gap Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA): created in 1968 under Trudeau’s gov’t Tied-Aid: Objective was to boost foreign aid to less industrialized countries. Countries would have to agree to buy products manufactured in Canada The Mulroney Era Closer ties to the United States In 1988 signed the North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) with the US and Mexico The theory behind the agreement was to eliminate cross-border tariffs between countries Mulroney Era Attempted to end the bitterness between Quebec and rest of country by amending the Constitution Meech Lake Accord – 1987, Mulroney proposed to recognize Quebec as a distinct society – To give more power to provinces – Aboriginals demanded that they also be recognized as a distinct society – Quebec initially agreed with the proposed changes but the Accord was eventually defeated in 1990 – Bloc Quebecois arises out of the defeat of the Meech Lake Accord Mulroney Era Charlottetown Accord, 1992 – Mulroney attempted to propose amendments to the Constitution again – Reform the Senate – Support Aboriginal Self-government – Recognize Quebec as a distinct society – Defeated after a national referendum in 1992 – Quebec felt increasingly betrayed by rest of Canada