Transcript Tour of Cell Organelles

Cells
Blood cells under microscope
Stained human cheek cells
SEM of a multipolar nerve cell
scanning electron microscope image of the single cell
organism Tetrahymena thermophila
Elodea
Onion cells
E. coil
streptococcus
Cells are so diverse.
Each cell is designed
for a special function.
What would happen if your
intestines were lined with skin
cells?
What if your skin was lined with
digestive cells.
Our life is possible because of what
happens on the cellular level.
When cells don’t work right, that is
when we have a problem.
A eukaryotic cell (cell with a nucleus)
is actually a dynamic and intricately
ordered living creature, complete with
its own set of tiny "organs" and
empowered by thousands of
chemical mechanisms that enable the
cell to digest, reproduce, move, and
communicate with other cells.
All disease results from failed
mechanisms within cells.
Analyzing the workings of healthy
cells will lead to development of
targeted therapies, improved methods
for facilitating wound healing,
development of artificial tissues, and a
better understanding of the potential
uses of human stem cells.
http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/life/c
ellular-microscopic/cell.htm
Cell video (00:02:34)
Development of the cell theory
Cork Cells
Robert Hooke was the first to name the
cell (1665)
2
Development of the cell theory
Pond water
Cell size comparison
Animal cell
most bacteria
Bacterial cell
 1-10 microns
eukaryotic cells
 10-100 microns
 micron = micrometer = 1/1,000,000 meter
 diameter of human hair = ~20 microns
Why study cells?
 Cells  Tissues  Organs  Bodies
bodies are made up of cells
 cells do all the work of life!

The Jobs of Cells
 Cells have 3 main jobs

make energy
 need energy for all activities
 need to clean up waste produced
while making energy

Our organelles
do all these
jobs!
make proteins
 proteins do all the work in a cell,
so we need lots of them

make more cells
 for growth
 to replace damaged or diseased cells
The Work of Life
 What jobs have to be performed for an
organism to live…
breathe
 eat
 make energy
 remove wastes
 respond to environment
 growth & development
 reproduction

QuickTi me™ and a
TIFF ( Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see thi s pi ctur e.
these are the same jobs your cells have to do!
Cells gotta live!
 What jobs do cells have to do?

make energy
 for daily life
 for growth

build more cells
 growth
 reproduction
 repair

make proteins
 proteins control every
cell function
Cells & Cell Organelles
Types of cells
animal cells
bacteria
cells
plant cells
Organelles
 Organelles do the work of cells

each structure has a job to do
 keeps the cell alive; keeps you alive
They’re like
mini-organs!
Model Animal Cell
Cell Wall
Cell membrane
cell membrane in animal cell
Plant cells also have a cell membrane
The animation
at the right
illustrates how
a hormone can
bind to
receptors on a
cell membrane
and trigger that
cell to produce
a needed
compound.
 http://www.wiley.com/legacy/college/bo
yer/0470003790/animations/membrane_
transport/membrane_transport.htm
 Membrane trasport
 Cells alive
 http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/cell_mo
del.htm
Nucleus
 Function
control center of cell
 protects DNA

 instructions for
building proteins
 Structure

nuclear membrane
 pores for moving
material in & out

nucleolus
 ribosome factory
Nucleus
Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Function
duct work or hallways
of cell
 processing of proteins
 membrane factory

 Structure

rough ER
 ribosomes attached

smooth ER
Types of Endoplasmic Reticulum
 rough ER

ribosomes
attached
 smooth ER
Making Proteins
2006-2007
Proteins do all the work!
one of the major job of cells is to make proteins
proteins do all the work!
DNA
proteins
cells
Ribosomes
 Function

protein factories: build proteins
 Structure
RNA & proteins
 2 subunits

Building Proteins
 Organelles involved
nucleus
 ribosomes
 (ER)
endoplasmic reticulum
 Golgi apparatus
 vesicles

nucleus
ribosome
ER
Golgi
apparatus
vesicles
Making proteins
nucleus
nuclear pore
cell
membrane
protein secreted
rough ER
ribosome
vesicle
proteins
smooth ER
transport
vesicle
cytoplasm
Golgi
apparatus
Golgi Apparatus
 Function

like UPS headquarters
 “shipping & receiving department”
finishes, sorts, tags & ships proteins
 ships proteins in vesicles
secretory

 membrane sacs
vesicles
 “UPS trucks”
transport vesicles
Golgi Apparatus
endoplasmic
reticulum
nucleus
protein
on its way!
DNA
TO:
RNA
TO:
vesicle
TO:
vesicle
TO:
ribosome
finished
protein
protein
Golgi
apparatus
Making Proteins
 http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/fl
ashanimat/cellstructures/endomembran
e%20protein%20synthesis.swf
Lysosomes
 Function

little “stomach” for cell
 digests food

“clean up crew” of the cell
 cleans up broken down
organelles
 Structure

pockets of digestive
enzymes
Lysosomes
white blood cells attack
& eat invading germs =
digest them in
lysosomes
Lysosome function
 Lysosomes fuse with food vacuoles

digest nutrients
for the cell
vacuole
 http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/fl
ashanimat/cellstructures/phagocitosis.
swf
When things go bad…
 Diseases of lysosomes are fatal
digestive enzyme not working in lysosome
 picks up food, but can’t digest it

 lysosomes fill up with undigested material

grow larger & larger until disrupts cell &
organ function
 example:
Tay-Sachs disease
build up undigested fat
in brain cells
But sometimes cells need to die…
 Lysosomes can be used to kill cells when
they are supposed to be destroyed

some cells have to die for proper
development in an organism
 ex: tadpole tail gets re-absorbed when it turns
into a frog
 ex: getting rid of webbing between your fingers
during fetal development

“auto-destruct” process
 lysosomes break open and kill cell
 cell “suicide”
syndactyly
Fetal development
6 weeks
15 weeks
food vacuoles
Food & water storage
plant cells
central vacuole
animal cells
contractile
vacuole
The Centrioles
These are necessary for
Animal cell Division. Plants
manage without them.
21
Centrioles
 Function

help coordinate cell division
 only in animal cells
 Structure

one pair in each cell
Making Energy
ATP
Cells need power!
 Making energy
take in food & digest it
 take in oxygen (O2)
 make ATP (ENERGY!!!!)
 remove waste

ATP
Making energy
 Mitochondria

make energy from sugar
 sugar (glucose)
ATP
 ATP
 Chloroplasts

make energy & sugar from sunlight
 sunlight  ATP & sugar
 ATP = active energy
 sugar = stored energy
ATP
Mitochondria
ATP
 sugars  ATP
 cellular respiration

need oxygen (O2)
in both animal &
plant cells
glucose + oxygen  carbon + water + energy
dioxide
C6H12O6 +
6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
Mitochondria are everywhere!!
animal cells
plant cells
Chloroplasts
 sun energy  ATP & sugars
 photosynthesis
ATP
carbon + water + energy  glucose + oxygen
dioxide
6CO2 + 6H2O + light  C6H12O6 + 6O2
energy
Compare the equations
Photosynthesis
carbon + water + energy  glucose + oxygen
dioxide
6CO2 + 6H2O + light  C6H12O6 + 6O2
energy
Respiration
glucose + oxygen  carbon + water + energy
dioxide
C6H12O6 +
6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
The Great ENERGY Circle of Life
sun
Photosynthesis
plants
CO2 + H2O
O2
Respiration
animals & plants
ATP
glucose
+ sugar
Growth &
Reproduction
Growth & Reproduction
We’ll learn about this in a later unit!
Major organelles
 Nucleus
 Ribosomes
 Endoplasmic reticulum
 Golgi apparatus
 Vacuoles & vesicles
 Lysosome
 Mitochondria
 Chloroplast
COMPARISON OF ORGANELLES TO
ORGAN SYSTEMS
ORGANELLE
ORGAN
ORGAN SYSTEM
NUCLEUS
BRAIN
CELL
MEMBRANE
LYSOSOME
LUNGS
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM
EXCRETORY
SYSTEM
CELL
MEMBRANE
STOMACH
KIDNEY
23
LINKING HOW ORGANELLES
 NUCLEUS
CONTROLS THE RATE OF
WORK
TOGETHER
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS BY RIBOSOMES
 CELL MEMBRANE REGULATES THE
PASSAGE OF OXYGEN INTO THE CELL TO
BE USED BY MITOCHONDRIA
 AFTER A LYSOSOME DIGESTS OLD
ORGANELLES THE CELL MEMBRANE
RELEASES THEM OUT OF THE CELL
 THE GOLGI BODY PRODUCES LYSOSOMES
WHICH ARE USED TO DIGEST BACTERIA
24
Cell Summary
 Cells have 3 main jobs

make energy
 need food + O2
 cellular respiration & photosynthesis
 need to remove wastes

make proteins
Our organelles
do all those
jobs!
 need instructions from DNA
 need to chain together amino acids & “finish”
& “ship” the protein

make more cells
 need to copy DNA & divide it up to daughter cells
 http://www.wisconline.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID
=AP11403
ENDOCYTOSIS
EXOCYTOSIS
Lab: Osmosis and Plasmolysis
Normal Elodea cells
(400x)
cell membrane in animal cell