Transcript FORMATION AND USE OF INFINITIVES

FORMATION AND USE
OF
INFINITIVES
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PRESENT ACTIVE
PRESENT PASSIVE
PERFECT ACTIVE
PERFECT PASSIVE
FUTURE ACTIVE
PRESENT STEM
• ACTIVE
–
–
–
–
–
PORTARE - TO CARRY
HABERE - TO HAVE/HOLD
AGERE - TO DO
FACERE - TO MAKE
AUDIRE - TO HEAR
• PASSIVE
–
–
–
–
–
PORTARI - TO BE CARRIED
HABERI - TO BE HELD
AGI - TO BE DONE
FACI - TO BE MADE
AUDIRI - TO BE HEARD
PERFECT STEM
• ACTIVE
– PORTAVISSE - TO HAVE
CARRIED
– HABUISSE - TO HAVE HELD
– EGISSE - TO HAVE DONE
– FECISSE - TO HAVE MADE
– AUDIVISSE - TO HAVE HEARD
PASSIVE
• PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLE + ESSE
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PORTATUS ESSE
DOCTUS ESSE
ACTUS ESSE
FACTUS ESSE
AUDITUS ESSE
TO HAVE BEEN CARRIED
TO HAVE BEEN TAUGHT
TO HAVE BEEN DONE
TO HAVE BEEN MADE
TO HAVE BEEN HEARD
FUTURE ACTIVE INFINITIVE
• FUTURE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE + ESSE
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PORTATURUS ESSE TO BE ABOUT TO CARRY
DOCTURUS ESSE TO BE ABOUT TO TEACH
ACTURUS ESSE
TO BE ABOUT TO DO
FACTURUS ESSE
TO BE ABOUT TO MAKE
AUDITURUS ESSE TO BE ABOUT TO HEAR
USE AS A COMPLEMENT TO
ANOTHER VERB
• COMPLEMENTS OTHER VERBS
SUCH AS: POSSE; DEBERE; PARARE,
NECESSE EST, OPORTET
• EXEMPLI GRATIA;
– POSSUM DOCERE BENE DISCIPULOS.
– I am able to teach the students well.
– P ARAMUS PUGNARE BELLUM.
– We are preparing to fight the battle.
– DEBES LEGERE HISTORIAM.
– You ought to read the story.
INDIRECT DISCOURSE
• After verbs of saying, knowing, thinking,
believing and others describing some mental
action, if the words are not quoted directly,
we use a clause introduced by
THAT
• EXEMPLI GRATIA
He says that the boys are fighting. (indirect)
He says: “The boys are fighting”. (direct)
VERBS WHICH INTRODUCE
INDIRECT DISCOURSE
Dico – say
Scio – know
Sentio - feel
Puto - think
Audio - hear
Video – see
Cogito – think
Nuntio – report,
announce
Nego - deny
Existimo – think,
suppose
INDIRECT DISCOURSE CONTINUED
• In Latin, the infinitive is used as the verb in
the indirect statement. The subject is put in
the accusative case in the indirect statement.
• EXEMPLI GRATIA:
Dicit, “pueri pugnant.” (DIRECT)
He says: “The boys are fighting.”
Dicit pueros pugnare.
(INDIRECT)
He says that the boys are fighting.
INDIRECT DISCOURSE CONTINUED
• In English the subject of the infinitive in the
indirect statement is also in the accusative
(objective) case:
– I know him to be honest.
NOT
– I know he to be honest.
• Tense of the infinitive signifies the time of
the indirect statement in relation to the main
verb.
INDIRECT DISCOURSE CONTINUED
• PRESENT INFINITIVE MEANS
CONTEMPORARY ACTION
• PERFECT INFINITIVE MEANS
PREVIOUS ACTION
• FUTURE INFINITIVE MEANS
FUTURE ACTION
INDIRECT DISCOURSE CONTINUED
• EXEMPLI GRATIA:
• Dicit virum ambulare.
(present = contemporaneous)
– He says that the man is walking
• Dixit virum ambulare. (present = contemporaneous)
– He said that the man walked.
• Dicit virum ambulavisse. (perfect = prior)
– He says that the man walked.
• Dixit virum ambulavisse. (perfect = prior)
– He said that the man had walked.
INDIRECT DISCOURSE CONTINUED
• Dicit virum ambulaturum esse.
• NB: future = future; agreement of participial portion of
infinitive in number, case (accusative) and gender of the
subject in indirect discourse; this also applies to the
perfect passive infinitive
– He says that the man will walk.
• Dixit virum ambulaturum esse. (future = future)
– He said that the man would walk.