Transcript Here - plaza

Unit I, Set I
Origin
Unit I, Set I: Origin
Unit I, Set I: Origin
•
In this set you will learn the constructions used to talk about where people
and things are from.
Unit I, Set I: Origin
•
•
In this set you will learn the constructions used to talk about where people
and things are from.
Because this is the first unit, there is a lot of preliminary information to
present, so this presentation is longer than most.
Unit I, Set I: Origin
•
•
•
In this set you will learn the constructions used to talk about where people
and things are from.
Because this is the first unit, there is a lot of preliminary information to
present, so this presentation is longer than most.
Here you will learn about:
Unit I, Set I: Origin
•
•
•
In this set you will learn the constructions used to talk about where people
and things are from.
Because this is the first unit, there is a lot of preliminary information to
present, so this presentation is longer than most.
Here you will learn about:
– nouns and verbs in Aymara
– the first three persons of the person system
– sentence suffixes and simple sentence construction
– asking questions and giving answers
– talking about origin of people and things
A note on nouns and verbs
A note on nouns and verbs
•
In Spanish and English, you’re accustomed to thinking of nouns and verbs
as just that – nouns and verbs, or in other terms, people or objects and
actions.
A note on nouns and verbs
•
•
In Spanish and English, you’re accustomed to thinking of nouns and verbs
as just that – nouns and verbs, or in other terms, people or objects and
actions.
In Aymara that is also the case, as you will learn as we go along. And, just
as in Spanish and English, the ways in which verbs and nouns behave and
the kinds of suffixes they can take depends on what they are doing in the
sentence.
A note on nouns and verbs
•
In Spanish and English nouns can be made plural:
– one apple  two apples
– una casa  dos casas
A note on nouns and verbs
•
•
In Spanish and English nouns can be made plural:
– one apple  two apples
– una casa  dos casas
In Aymara nouns can be possessed:
– uta “house”  utaja “my house”
A note on nouns and verbs
•
•
•
In Spanish and English nouns can be made plural:
– one apple  two apples
– una casa  dos casas
In Aymara nouns can be possessed:
– uta “house”  utaja “my house”
In Spanish and English, we use verbs to indicate who the agents or actors
are:
– I talk, she talks
– hablo, habla
A note on nouns and verbs
•
•
•
•
In Spanish and English nouns can be made plural:
– one apple  two apples
– una casa  dos casas
In Aymara nouns can be possessed:
– uta “house”  utaja “my house”
In Spanish and English, we use verbs to indicate who the agents or actors
are:
– I talk, she talks
– hablo, habla
In Aymara, though, the verbs indicate not only who the agent or actor is, but
also who the object or recipient is:
– parlta “I talk to her”
– parlitu “she talks to me”
A note on nouns and verbs
•
In all of these languages, sometimes we want to use nouns as verbs and
verbs as nouns.
A note on nouns and verbs
•
In all of these languages, sometimes we want to use nouns as verbs and
verbs as nouns.
– In English nouns and verbs switch back and forth easily. We can do so
by adding prefixes of suffixes.
• For example, “to teach” is a verb, but if we add –er we get the noun
“teacher.”
• “Walk” is a verb, but we can add an article like “a” to get a noun, “a
walk.”
A note on nouns and verbs
•
In all of these languages, sometimes we want to use nouns as verbs and
verbs as nouns.
– In English nouns and verbs switch back and forth easily. We can do so
by adding prefixes of suffixes.
• For example, “to teach” is a verb, but if we add –er we get the noun
“teacher.”
• “Walk” is a verb, but we can add an article like “a” to get a noun, “a
walk.”
– In Spanish we can add suffixes to turn a noun into a verb with the suffix
–ear.
• For example the noun gato (“cat”) becomes a verb gatear (“to crawl”
i.e., like a cat).
• Or we can use the suffix –dor to make a verb into a noun or even an
adjective. The verb torear (“to bullfight”) can take the suffix to
become a noun, toreador (“bullfighter”). Or the verb hablar (“to
talk”) can become an adjective: hablador (“talkative”).
A note on nouns and verbs
•
Aymara also has ways to turn nouns into verbs and verbs into nouns.
A note on nouns and verbs
•
•
Aymara also has ways to turn nouns into verbs and verbs into nouns.
These two processes are called:
– verbalization (a noun becomes –and acts like– a verb)
– nominalization (a verb becomes –and acts like– a noun)
A note on nouns and verbs
•
•
•
Aymara also has ways to turn nouns into verbs and verbs into nouns.
These two processes are called:
– verbalization (a noun becomes –and acts like– a verb)
– nominalization (a verb becomes –and acts like– a noun)
Sometimes this happens more than once in a single word, like Akankiritwa,
(“I am from here”): in this case, a noun becomes a verb that becomes a
noun that becomes a verb again!
A note on nouns and verbs
•
•
•
•
Aymara also has ways to turn nouns into verbs and verbs into nouns.
These two processes are called:
– verbalization (a noun becomes –and acts like– a verb)
– nominalization (a verb becomes –and acts like– a noun)
Sometimes this happens more than once in a single word, like Akankiritwa,
(“I am from here”): in this case, a noun becomes a verb that becomes a
noun that becomes a verb again!
The forms that result from all of these changes are either nouns or nominal
verbs.
A note on nouns and verbs
•
•
•
•
Aymara also has ways to turn nouns into verbs and verbs into nouns.
These two processes are called:
– verbalization (a noun becomes –and acts like– a verb)
– nominalization (a verb becomes –and acts like– a noun)
Sometimes this happens more than once in a single word, like Akankiritwa,
(“I am from here”): in this case, a noun becomes a verb that becomes a
noun that becomes a verb again!
The forms that result from all of these changes are either nouns or nominal
verbs.
– They do not ever become “real” verbs, or what we’ll call full verbs. Nor
do they ever take the whole complement of verbal suffixes. They
remain either genuinely a part of the noun system or as part of an
adjunct to the noun system, which is therefore why we call them
nominal verbs. Additionally they never mark more than four persons.
A note on nouns and verbs
•
We will explain these changes in more detail in future units. For now
though, you need to know what we mean when we refer to “nominalization”
and “verbalization”.
A note on nouns and verbs
•
•
We will explain these changes in more detail in future units. For now
though, you need to know what we mean when we refer to “nominalization”
and “verbalization”.
Additionally, it will help you to be able to recognize a few of the primary
means of verbalization and nominalization in Aymara.
A note on nouns and verbs
•
•
We will explain these changes in more detail in future units. For now
though, you need to know what we mean when we refer to “nominalization”
and “verbalization”.
Additionally, it will help you to be able to recognize a few of the primary
means of verbalization and nominalization in Aymara.
– Verbalizing suffixes
• –ka (locative, indicating location)
• long vowel (identity)
A note on nouns and verbs
•
•
We will explain these changes in more detail in future units. For now
though, you need to know what we mean when we refer to “nominalization”
and “verbalization”.
Additionally, it will help you to be able to recognize a few of the primary
means of verbalization and nominalization in Aymara.
– Verbalizing suffixes
• –ka (locative, indicating location)
• long vowel (identity)
– Nominalizing suffix
• –iri (someone who does something)
Persons in Aymara
Persons in Aymara
•
Aymara uses different person pronouns and verbal conjugations, depending
on who is being talked about.
Persons in Aymara
•
•
Aymara uses different person pronouns and verbal conjugations, depending
on who is being talked about.
While English and Spanish use a three-person system and mark for singular
and plural numbers (I ~ we, you ~ you all, she/he ~ they), Aymara uses a
four-person system that does not mark for number.
Persons in Aymara
•
•
•
Aymara uses different person pronouns and verbal conjugations, depending
on who is being talked about.
While English and Spanish use a three-person system and mark for singular
and plural numbers (I ~ we, you ~ you all, she/he ~ they), Aymara uses a
four-person system that does not mark for number.
Marking number in Aymara is optional
– If number is not marked it is usually because it is not important.
Persons in Aymara
•
•
•
•
Aymara uses different person pronouns and verbal conjugations, depending
on who is being talked about.
While English and Spanish use a three-person system and mark for singular
and plural numbers (I ~ we, you ~ you all, she/he ~ they), Aymara uses a
four-person system that does not mark for number.
Marking number in Aymara is optional
– If number is not marked it is usually because it is not important.
In this unit you are introduced to 1st, 2nd and 3rd persons.
– 1 = naya = first person, “I or we, but not you”
– 2 = juma = second person, “you”
– 3 = jupa = third person, “she, they, he; neither you nor I, but human”
– The 4th person (jiwasa) is presented in Unit III, and represents “we, both
you and I”.
See Gramática, VIII 1.21; VII 3.11.1 for more information.
Sentence suffixes
Sentence suffixes
•
One of the interesting things about the Aymara language is that there are
sentence suffixes.
Sentence suffixes
•
•
One of the interesting things about the Aymara language is that there are
sentence suffixes.
In English and in Spanish we most frequently indicate what kind of sentence
we’re producing by the melody of our voice, or by the punctuation we use in
writing.
Sentence suffixes
•
•
•
One of the interesting things about the Aymara language is that there are
sentence suffixes.
In English and in Spanish we most frequently indicate what kind of sentence
we’re producing by the melody of our voice, or by the punctuation we use in
writing.
For example, the simple series of words:
I went downtown yesterday
– Can be a declarative sentence, a statement of fact, by lowering your
voice at the end, as in “I went downtown yesterday.”
– Can be a question by raising your voice at the end, as in “I went
downtown yesterday?”
– Or can be a non-sentence, (a clause as part of a larger sentence), by
keeping your voice level at the end in anticipation of further information,
as in “I went downtown yesterday… and bought a shirt.”
Sentence suffixes
Sentence suffixes
•
Aymara does not indicate sentence type with intonation as English and
Spanish do.
Sentence suffixes
•
•
Aymara does not indicate sentence type with intonation as English and
Spanish do.
Instead, Aymara uses a series of suffixes that tell you what kind of a
sentence you are listening to.
Sentence suffixes
•
•
•
Aymara does not indicate sentence type with intonation as English and
Spanish do.
Instead, Aymara uses a series of suffixes that tell you what kind of a
sentence you are listening to.
Although intonational and melody changes exist in Aymara, they do not
mark the grammar.
Sentence suffixes
•
•
•
•
Aymara does not indicate sentence type with intonation as English and
Spanish do.
Instead, Aymara uses a series of suffixes that tell you what kind of a
sentence you are listening to.
Although intonational and melody changes exist in Aymara, they do not
mark the grammar.
If you do not use the sentence suffixes in Aymara to mark your grammar,
your Aymara is not grammatical or could be perceived as rude.
Sentence suffixes
•
•
•
•
Aymara does not indicate sentence type with intonation as English and
Spanish do.
Instead, Aymara uses a series of suffixes that tell you what kind of a
sentence you are listening to.
Although intonational and melody changes exist in Aymara, they do not
mark the grammar.
If you do not use the sentence suffixes in Aymara to mark your grammar,
your Aymara is not grammatical or could be perceived as rude.
– The one type of sentence that does not require sentence suffixes is the
rude command. In other words, using no sentence suffix means
issuing a rude command.
Sentence suffixes
•
•
•
•
Aymara does not indicate sentence type with intonation as English and
Spanish do.
Instead, Aymara uses a series of suffixes that tell you what kind of a
sentence you are listening to.
Although intonational and melody changes exist in Aymara, they do not
mark the grammar.
If you do not use the sentence suffixes in Aymara to mark your grammar,
your Aymara is not grammatical or could be perceived as rude.
– The one type of sentence that does not require sentence suffixes is the
rude command. In other words, using no sentence suffix means
issuing a rude command.
– Remember, then, the importance of learning and knowing these
sentence suffixes for your interactions with Aymara people.
• One type of question requires a particular intonation pattern as well
as sentence suffixes. This is the alternative question, which you will
learn in Unit II. You do not need to worry about this structure just
yet.
Sentence suffix types
Sentence suffix types
•
There are five basic sentence suffixes in Aymara.
Sentence suffix types
•
•
There are five basic sentence suffixes in Aymara.
Four of these specifically define the most common types of sentences and
are presented in this unit.
– Each of these four will be described in more detail in the following
slides.
• -sa: information interrogative
• -ti: yes/no interrogative
• -wa: personal knowledge suffix
• -ti: negative suffix
Sentence suffix types
•
•
•
There are five basic sentence suffixes in Aymara.
Four of these specifically define the most common types of sentences and
are presented in this unit.
– Each of these four will be described in more detail in the following
slides.
• -sa: information interrogative
• -ti: yes/no interrogative
• -wa: personal knowledge suffix
• -ti: negative suffix
The fifth sentence suffix that you will learn is –xa, which is a suffix of many
functions. For now, it will be the other half of any sentence with any of the
four suffixes above, indicating the topic of the sentence.
Sentence suffix types
•
•
•
•
There are five basic sentence suffixes in Aymara.
Four of these specifically define the most common types of sentences and
are presented in this unit.
– Each of these four will be described in more detail in the following
slides.
• -sa: information interrogative
• -ti: yes/no interrogative
• -wa: personal knowledge suffix
• -ti: negative suffix
The fifth sentence suffix that you will learn is –xa, which is a suffix of many
functions. For now, it will be the other half of any sentence with any of the
four suffixes above, indicating the topic of the sentence.
You should try very hard to internalize these suffixes as much as possible,
since they occur in almost every Aymara sentence and are the basic
building blocks of the grammar.
Information Interrogative –sa
Information Interrogative –sa

This suffix is used when asking an information question.
Information Interrogative –sa


This suffix is used when asking an information question.
These questions are those that ask who, what, when, where, why, how, etc.
Information Interrogative –sa



This suffix is used when asking an information question.
These questions are those that ask who, what, when, where, why, how, etc.
Note though that the interrogative pronouns in Aymara to which –sa attach
are not exact translations of the pronouns that we use for informational
questions in English or Spanish.
Information Interrogative –sa




This suffix is used when asking an information question.
These questions are those that ask who, what, when, where, why, how, etc.
Note though that the interrogative pronouns in Aymara to which –sa attach
are not exact translations of the pronouns that we use for informational
questions in English or Spanish.
You will learn these pronouns throughout the units. For now, however, just
be able to recognize the –sa suffix in informational questions.
Information Interrogative –sa




This suffix is used when asking an information question.
These questions are those that ask who, what, when, where, why, how, etc.
Note though that the interrogative pronouns in Aymara to which –sa attach
are not exact translations of the pronouns that we use for informational
questions in English or Spanish.
You will learn these pronouns throughout the units. For now, however, just
be able to recognize the –sa suffix in informational questions.
 For example:
• Kunasa? (“What is it?”) [from kuna “what”]
• For this one must answer with information rather than a simple yes
or no answer:
• Utawa. (“It is a house.”) [from uta “house”]
A note on question marks
A note on question marks

As you are learning, one of the interesting features of Aymara is the use of
sentence suffixes. These suffixes are used to indicate what kind of sentence
is being spoken, i.e., a question or an answer, etc.
A note on question marks


As you are learning, one of the interesting features of Aymara is the use of
sentence suffixes. These suffixes are used to indicate what kind of sentence
is being spoken, i.e., a question or an answer, etc.
Since this information is included in the sentence grammar itself, this means
that the use of some punctuation marks, like the question mark (?) is
actually not necessary in Aymara, like it is in English or Spanish.
A note on question marks



As you are learning, one of the interesting features of Aymara is the use of
sentence suffixes. These suffixes are used to indicate what kind of sentence
is being spoken, i.e., a question or an answer, etc.
Since this information is included in the sentence grammar itself, this means
that the use of some punctuation marks, like the question mark (?) is
actually not necessary in Aymara, like it is in English or Spanish.
People who know Aymara, when writing in Aymara, do not use question
marks since they are redundant. As you are seeing, every sentence that is a
question is marked with an interrogative suffix, so there is no need for
additional marking in the punctuation.
Yes/No Interrogative –ti
Yes/No Interrogative –ti

This suffix is used when asking a question to which you expect only a “yes”
or “no” answer.
Yes/No Interrogative –ti


This suffix is used when asking a question to which you expect only a “yes”
or “no” answer.
In other words, all the other information relevant to this question is
information the speaker already knows.
Yes/No Interrogative –ti



This suffix is used when asking a question to which you expect only a “yes”
or “no” answer.
In other words, all the other information relevant to this question is
information the speaker already knows.
For example:
 Utati? (“Is this a house?”) [from uta “house”]
 One can answer jisa (“yes”) or janiw (“no”).
 These are minimal answers. There are other ways to answer in Aymara,
as you will learn in future units.
Personal Knowledge Suffix –wa
Personal Knowledge Suffix –wa
•
“Data source” is a major category of the Aymara language. What this means
is that you indicate in every sentence how you know what you are talking
about.
Personal Knowledge Suffix –wa
•
•
“Data source” is a major category of the Aymara language. What this means
is that you indicate in every sentence how you know what you are talking
about.
We will return to this in later units.
Personal Knowledge Suffix –wa
•
•
•
“Data source” is a major category of the Aymara language. What this means
is that you indicate in every sentence how you know what you are talking
about.
We will return to this in later units.
For now, you need to know that the suffix –wa is used in answering
questions, both in the affirmative and the negative.
Personal Knowledge Suffix –wa
•
•
•
•
“Data source” is a major category of the Aymara language. What this means
is that you indicate in every sentence how you know what you are talking
about.
We will return to this in later units.
For now, you need to know that the suffix –wa is used in answering
questions, both in the affirmative and the negative.
What this suffix also says is that you know what you are talking about
because you have experienced it.
Personal Knowledge Suffix –wa
•
•
•
•
•
“Data source” is a major category of the Aymara language. What this means
is that you indicate in every sentence how you know what you are talking
about.
We will return to this in later units.
For now, you need to know that the suffix –wa is used in answering
questions, both in the affirmative and the negative.
What this suffix also says is that you know what you are talking about
because you have experienced it.
For pedagogical purposes, we pretend in these materials that you have
experienced more that you have, so that you can participate fully in the
exercises.
Personal Knowledge Suffix –wa
•
•
•
•
•
•
“Data source” is a major category of the Aymara language. What this means
is that you indicate in every sentence how you know what you are talking
about.
We will return to this in later units.
For now, you need to know that the suffix –wa is used in answering
questions, both in the affirmative and the negative.
What this suffix also says is that you know what you are talking about
because you have experienced it.
For pedagogical purposes, we pretend in these materials that you have
experienced more that you have, so that you can participate fully in the
exercises.
However, remember that this suffix –wa indicates personal knowledge. In
later units you will learn what to say when you do not have personal
experience.
Personal Knowledge Suffix –wa
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
“Data source” is a major category of the Aymara language. What this means
is that you indicate in every sentence how you know what you are talking
about.
We will return to this in later units.
For now, you need to know that the suffix –wa is used in answering
questions, both in the affirmative and the negative.
What this suffix also says is that you know what you are talking about
because you have experienced it.
For pedagogical purposes, we pretend in these materials that you have
experienced more that you have, so that you can participate fully in the
exercises.
However, remember that this suffix –wa indicates personal knowledge. In
later units you will learn what to say when you do not have personal
experience.
For now, pretend you already have some personal experience among the
Aymara!
Equational sentences and suffixes
Equational sentences and suffixes
• What is an equational sentence?
Equational sentences and suffixes
• What is an equational sentence?
•
Essentially, it is a sentence with a subject and a use of the "to be” verb in
English.
Equational sentences and suffixes
• What is an equational sentence?
•
•
Essentially, it is a sentence with a subject and a use of the "to be” verb in
English.
They are called equational sentences because they resemble arithmetical
equations in their A=B construction.
Equational sentences and suffixes
• What is an equational sentence?
•
•
•
Essentially, it is a sentence with a subject and a use of the "to be” verb in
English.
They are called equational sentences because they resemble arithmetical
equations in their A=B construction.
An example of an equational sentence is something like:
A potato
is
a kind of food.
Equational sentences and suffixes
• What is an equational sentence?
•
•
•
Essentially, it is a sentence with a subject and a use of the "to be” verb in
English.
They are called equational sentences because they resemble arithmetical
equations in their A=B construction.
An example of an equational sentence is something like:
A potato
•
is
a kind of food.
The subject (A) is “a potato”, while “is” is the conjugation of the verb “to be”.
“A kind of food” is the other half of the equation, the (B) component.
Equational sentences and suffixes
• What is an equational sentence?
•
•
•
•
Essentially, it is a sentence with a subject and a use of the "to be” verb in
English.
They are called equational sentences because they resemble arithmetical
equations in their A=B construction.
An example of an equational sentence is something like:
A potato
is
a kind of food.
A
=
B
The subject (A) is “a potato”, while “is” is the conjugation of the verb “to be”.
“A kind of food” is the other half of the equation, the (B) component.
Equational sentences and suffixes
•
In the equational sentences you will see in this unit, you will learn how to
talk about origin, about where you and other people are from.
Equational sentences and suffixes
•
•
In the equational sentences you will see in this unit, you will learn how to
talk about origin, about where you and other people are from.
There are a number of different aspects of the sentence that you will need
to be aware of. The following slides present examples of what is discussed
here.
Equational sentences and suffixes
•
•
•
In the equational sentences you will see in this unit, you will learn how to
talk about origin, about where you and other people are from.
There are a number of different aspects of the sentence that you will need
to be aware of. The following slides present examples of what is discussed
here.
Aymara equational sentences are marked with the –xa suffix on one half
and the –wa (personal knowledge) suffix on the other half.
Equational sentences and suffixes
•
•
•
In the equational sentences you will see in this unit, you will learn how to
talk about origin, about where you and other people are from.
There are a number of different aspects of the sentence that you will need
to be aware of. The following slides present examples of what is discussed
here.
Aymara equational sentences are marked with the –xa suffix on one half
and the –wa (personal knowledge) suffix on the other half.
– Remember that the –xa sentence suffix is the 5th suffix type. It has many
functions, which you will study one at a time as you proceed through the
course. In this case, –xa marks the person whose origin you are
discussing.
Question formation
Question formation
•
There are many types of Aymara questions.
Question formation
•
•
There are many types of Aymara questions.
Here you are introduced to the Aymara information question which is
marked with the suffix –sa.
Question formation
•
•
•
There are many types of Aymara questions.
Here you are introduced to the Aymara information question which is
marked with the suffix –sa.
The information that is given in answer to the question is marked with the
–wa suffix.
Question formation
•
•
•
•
There are many types of Aymara questions.
Here you are introduced to the Aymara information question which is
marked with the suffix –sa.
The information that is given in answer to the question is marked with the
–wa suffix.
Notice that in each question you have a first part marked with –xa and a
second part marked with –sa.
Question formation
•
•
•
•
•
There are many types of Aymara questions.
Here you are introduced to the Aymara information question which is
marked with the suffix –sa.
The information that is given in answer to the question is marked with the
–wa suffix.
Notice that in each question you have a first part marked with –xa and a
second part marked with –sa.
In the following question-answer pairs, note the occurrence of the suffix
markers. They are marked in a different color so you can spot them more
easily.
Question formation
•
•
•
•
•
•
There are many types of Aymara questions.
Here you are introduced to the Aymara information question which is
marked with the suffix –sa.
The information that is given in answer to the question is marked with the
–wa suffix.
Notice that in each question you have a first part marked with –xa and a
second part marked with –sa.
In the following question-answer pairs, note the occurrence of the suffix
markers. They are marked in a different color so you can spot them more
easily.
Remember that in some cases the vowels can be dropped, so you might
only be able to observe the original consonant of the suffix.
Question formation - examples
Question formation - examples
•
Question: sa…..xa, Answer: xa…..wa
– Kunas akaxa? (“What is this?”)
– Akax alujamintuwa. (“This is an inn.”)
Question formation - examples
•
•
Question: sa…..xa, Answer: xa…..wa
– Kunas akaxa? (“What is this?”)
– Akax alujamintuwa. (“This is an inn.”)
Question: K″iti/ta/sa…xa, Answer: xa…ta/wa
– K″itits nayaxa? (“Who am I?”)
– Jumax mamatwa. (“You are a mother.”)
Question formation - examples
•
•
•
Question: sa…..xa, Answer: xa…..wa
– Kunas akaxa? (“What is this?”)
– Akax alujamintuwa. (“This is an inn.”)
Question: K″iti/ta/sa…xa, Answer: xa…ta/wa
– K″itits nayaxa? (“Who am I?”)
– Jumax mamatwa. (“You are a mother.”)
Question: K″iti/sa…..xa, Answer: xa….wa
– K"itis jupaxa? (“Who is he?”)
– Jupax chachawa. (“He is a man.”)
Question formation - examples
•
•
•
•
Question: sa…..xa, Answer: xa…..wa
– Kunas akaxa? (“What is this?”)
– Akax alujamintuwa. (“This is an inn.”)
Question: K″iti/ta/sa…xa, Answer: xa…ta/wa
– K″itits nayaxa? (“Who am I?”)
– Jumax mamatwa. (“You are a mother.”)
Question: K″iti/sa…..xa, Answer: xa….wa
– K"itis jupaxa? (“Who is he?”)
– Jupax chachawa. (“He is a man.”)
Question: ta/sa…xa, Answer: xa…ta/wa
– K″ititas jumaxa? (“Who are you?”)
– Nayax chachatawa. (“I am a man.”)
Question formation - examples
•
•
•
•
•
Question: sa…..xa, Answer: xa…..wa
– Kunas akaxa? (“What is this?”)
– Akax alujamintuwa. (“This is an inn.”)
Question: K″iti/ta/sa…xa, Answer: xa…ta/wa
– K″itits nayaxa? (“Who am I?”)
– Jumax mamatwa. (“You are a mother.”)
Question: K″iti/sa…..xa, Answer: xa….wa
– K"itis jupaxa? (“Who is he?”)
– Jupax chachawa. (“He is a man.”)
Question: ta/sa…xa, Answer: xa…ta/wa
– K″ititas jumaxa? (“Who are you?”)
– Nayax chachatawa. (“I am a man.”)
Question: xa…sa, Answer: xa…wa
– Jumax kawkinkiritasa? (“Where are you from?”)
– Nayax Wuliwyankiritwa. (“I am from Bolivia.”)
Question formation - examples
•
•
•
•
•
Question: sa…..xa, Answer: xa…..wa
– Kunas akaxa? (“What is this?”)
– Akax alujamintuwa. (“This is an inn.”)
Question: K″iti/ta/sa…xa, Answer: xa…ta/wa
– K″itits nayaxa? (“Who am I?”)
– Jumax mamatwa. (“You are a mother.”)
Question: K″iti/sa…..xa, Answer: xa….wa
– K"itis jupaxa? (“Who is he?”)
– Jupax chachawa. (“He is a man.”)
Question: ta/sa…xa, Answer: xa…ta/wa
– K″ititas jumaxa? (“Who are you?”)
– Nayax chachatawa. (“I am a man.”)
Question: xa…sa, Answer: xa…wa
– Jumax kawkinkiritasa? (“Where are you from?”)
– Nayax Wuliwyankiritwa. (“I am from Bolivia.”)
*Note that in these examples there is no 3p marking – it is unmarked.*
Sentence construction: origin
Sentence construction: origin
•
In addition to the –xa and –wa suffixes, there are some other changes you
have to be aware of in sentences construction.
Sentence construction: origin
•
•
In addition to the –xa and –wa suffixes, there are some other changes you
have to be aware of in sentences construction.
In the verbalized noun –kiri– is inserted to mark the place of origin.
Sentence construction: origin
•
•
•
In addition to the –xa and –wa suffixes, there are some other changes you
have to be aware of in sentences construction.
In the verbalized noun –kiri– is inserted to mark the place of origin.
–k– verbalizes the preceding noun, which consists of the word for the place
of origin plus the suffix –na, which means “in” or “from”.
Sentence construction: origin
•
•
•
•
In addition to the –xa and –wa suffixes, there are some other changes you
have to be aware of in sentences construction.
In the verbalized noun –kiri– is inserted to mark the place of origin.
–k– verbalizes the preceding noun, which consists of the word for the place
of origin plus the suffix –na, which means “in” or “from”.
This -k- causes the preceding vowel to be deleted, but –iri– then
renominalizes the form.
Sentence construction: origin
•
•
•
•
•
In addition to the –xa and –wa suffixes, there are some other changes you
have to be aware of in sentences construction.
In the verbalized noun –kiri– is inserted to mark the place of origin.
–k– verbalizes the preceding noun, which consists of the word for the place
of origin plus the suffix –na, which means “in” or “from”.
This -k- causes the preceding vowel to be deleted, but –iri– then
renominalizes the form.
This renominalization is agentive, meaning “one who (does)”.
Sentence construction: origin
•
•
•
•
•
In addition to the –xa and –wa suffixes, there are some other changes you
have to be aware of in sentences construction.
In the verbalized noun –kiri– is inserted to mark the place of origin.
–k– verbalizes the preceding noun, which consists of the word for the place
of origin plus the suffix –na, which means “in” or “from”.
This -k- causes the preceding vowel to be deleted, but –iri– then
renominalizes the form.
This renominalization is agentive, meaning “one who (does)”.
See Gramática, IX; VIII for further information.
Sentence construction: origin
Sentence construction: origin
•
Let’s illustrate this with an example. Assume we want to talk about where
someone is from, such as “She is from here”, which is Jupax akankiriwa in
Aymara.
Sentence construction: origin
•
•
Let’s illustrate this with an example. Assume we want to talk about where
someone is from, such as “She is from here”, which is Jupax akankiriwa in
Aymara.
The basic construction is:
Sentence construction: origin
•
•
Let’s illustrate this with an example. Assume we want to talk about where
someone is from, such as “She is from here”, which is Jupax akankiriwa in
Aymara.
The basic construction is:
aka
“here”
-vna
“in”
-cka>V
Akankiriwa
-ciri
“one who”
(>N)
-wa
sentence
suffix
Sentence construction: origin
•
•
Let’s illustrate this with an example. Assume we want to talk about where
someone is from, such as “She is from here”, which is Jupax akankiriwa in
Aymara.
The basic construction is:
aka
“here”
-vna
“in”
-cka>V
-ciri
“one who”
(>N)
-wa
sentence
suffix
Akankiriwa
•
This is an example of a noun that has gone through verbalization (“to be
located in”) and then been nominalized (“one who…”) again.
Sentence construction: origin
•
•
Let’s illustrate this with an example. Assume we want to talk about where
someone is from, such as “She is from here”, which is Jupax akankiriwa in
Aymara.
The basic construction is:
aka
“here”
-vna
“in”
-cka>V
-ciri
“one who”
(>N)
-wa
sentence
suffix
Akankiriwa
•
This is an example of a noun that has gone through verbalization (“to be
located in”) and then been nominalized (“one who…”) again.
– The >V makes the vowel from –na drop.
Sentence construction: origin
•
•
Let’s illustrate this with an example. Assume we want to talk about where
someone is from, such as “She is from here”, which is Jupax akankiriwa in
Aymara.
The basic construction is:
aka
“here”
-vna
“in”
-cka>V
-ciri
“one who”
(>N)
-wa
sentence
suffix
Akankiriwa
•
This is an example of a noun that has gone through verbalization (“to be
located in”) and then been nominalized (“one who…”) again.
– The >V makes the vowel from –na drop.
– 3p is unmarked so this form does not need to reverbalize, it can remain
a noun and no person marker is needed.
Sentence construction: origin
•
To vary this sentence to talk, for example, about yourself or someone
else, certain changes are required, but the basic construction remains the
same.
Sentence construction: origin
•
•
To vary this sentence to talk, for example, about yourself or someone
else, certain changes are required, but the basic construction remains the
same.
To talk about you (2nd person) or me/I (1st person), you need to
reverbalize the form – in other words, add a long vowel after –iri-.
Sentence construction: origin
•
•
•
To vary this sentence to talk, for example, about yourself or someone
else, certain changes are required, but the basic construction remains the
same.
To talk about you (2nd person) or me/I (1st person), you need to
reverbalize the form – in other words, add a long vowel after –iri-.
After the long vowel, you can add the person forms. Remember that
these often carry their own morphophonemic requirements.
Sentence construction: origin
•
•
•
To vary this sentence to talk, for example, about yourself or someone
else, certain changes are required, but the basic construction remains the
same.
To talk about you (2nd person) or me/I (1st person), you need to
reverbalize the form – in other words, add a long vowel after –iri-.
After the long vowel, you can add the person forms. Remember that
these often carry their own morphophonemic requirements.
– For example, if anything follows –ta in 1st person nominal verbs, the
/a/ of that suffix is dropped.
Sentence construction: origin
•
•
•
To vary this sentence to talk, for example, about yourself or someone
else, certain changes are required, but the basic construction remains the
same.
To talk about you (2nd person) or me/I (1st person), you need to
reverbalize the form – in other words, add a long vowel after –iri-.
After the long vowel, you can add the person forms. Remember that
these often carry their own morphophonemic requirements.
– For example, if anything follows –ta in 1st person nominal verbs, the
/a/ of that suffix is dropped.
– Another example is that if the vowel that is to be dropped is a long
vowel, only the length is dropped and a regular vowel remains.
Sentence construction: origin
•
•
•
To vary this sentence to talk, for example, about yourself or someone
else, certain changes are required, but the basic construction remains the
same.
To talk about you (2nd person) or me/I (1st person), you need to
reverbalize the form – in other words, add a long vowel after –iri-.
After the long vowel, you can add the person forms. Remember that
these often carry their own morphophonemic requirements.
– For example, if anything follows –ta in 1st person nominal verbs, the
/a/ of that suffix is dropped.
– Another example is that if the vowel that is to be dropped is a long
vowel, only the length is dropped and a regular vowel remains.
– You will see examples of these kinds of requirements in the following
examples and throughout the exercises.
Sentence construction: origin
Sentence construction: origin
•
For example, let’s say “I am from here,” which is Akankiritwa in Aymara.
Sentence construction: origin
•
For example, let’s say “I am from here,” which is Akankiritwa in Aymara.
aka
“here”
-vna
“in”
-cka>V
-v¨
-iri
“one who”
>N
Akankiritwa
>V
- ctac
1p
-wa
sentence
suffix
Sentence construction: origin
•
For example, let’s say “I am from here,” which is Akankiritwa in Aymara.
aka
“here”
-vna
“in”
-cka>V
-v¨
-iri
“one who”
>N
>V
- ctac
1p
-wa
sentence
suffix
Akankiritwa
•
In this form, 1p is marked, so the noun has to be reverbalized in order to
mark the person. Thus we have a noun that becomes a verb, that becomes
a noun, that ends as a verb!
Sentence construction: origin
•
For example, let’s say “I am from here,” which is Akankiritwa in Aymara.
aka
“here”
-vna
“in”
-cka>V
-v¨
-iri
“one who”
>N
>V
- ctac
1p
-wa
sentence
suffix
Akankiritwa
•
•
In this form, 1p is marked, so the noun has to be reverbalized in order to
mark the person. Thus we have a noun that becomes a verb, that becomes
a noun, that ends as a verb!
Note that if the vowel to be dropped is a long vowel, then only the length is
dropped and a plain vowel remains.
Sentence construction: origin
•
For example, let’s say “I am from here,” which is Akankiritwa in Aymara.
aka
“here”
-vna
“in”
-cka>V
-v¨
-iri
“one who”
>N
>V
- ctac
1p
-wa
sentence
suffix
Akankiritwa
•
•
•
In this form, 1p is marked, so the noun has to be reverbalized in order to
mark the person. Thus we have a noun that becomes a verb, that becomes
a noun, that ends as a verb!
Note that if the vowel to be dropped is a long vowel, then only the length is
dropped and a plain vowel remains.
The rules as to what causes vowel dropping within the morphological word
are quite rigid and there are virtually no exceptions. You will see more
examples of this vowel dropping as you proceed through the presentations
and exercises.
Sentence construction: origin
Sentence construction: origin
•
The reason we have to present such complex structures in the first unit is
because the very first thing an Aymara person will ask you is
kawkinkiritasa – “where are you from?”
Sentence construction: origin
•
•
The reason we have to present such complex structures in the first unit is
because the very first thing an Aymara person will ask you is
kawkinkiritasa – “where are you from?”
And you need to be able to ask this question too.
Sentence construction: origin
•
•
•
The reason we have to present such complex structures in the first unit is
because the very first thing an Aymara person will ask you is
kawkinkiritasa – “where are you from?”
And you need to be able to ask this question too.
For now, it’s OK to memorize these forms without analyzing their
formation and construction, but just remember that there is a lot of
internal complication. We’ll be studying these various aspects throughout
future units.
End of Set I
End of Set I
•
Congratulations, you have completed the Set I presentation.
End of Set I
•
•
Congratulations, you have completed the Set I presentation.
You are now ready to complete the first set of exercises, in which you will
practice the various structures you have just learned. This set of
exercises focuses mostly on explaining the origin of people and things.