Transcript 3 Processes of Memory Power Point

3 Processes of Memory
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
Encoding
• The translation of information into a form in
which it can be stored.
• It’s like a computer. You type in words via the
keyboard and the information is stored on a
memory stick. If you put the memory stick under
a microscope would you be able to see the
letters or words you typed? No. This is because
the computer changes, or encodes, the
information into a form in which it can be stored.
Encoding
• If encoding doesn’t go well, you won’t
remember things.
• We automatically encode some types of
information without being aware of it.
• Some types of information become encoded
only if people pay attention to it.
Memorize these letters
OTTFFSSENT
Remember OTTFFSSENT?
• How did you try to remember it/them?
– Did you form a mental picture?
• If so, you used visual encoding.
– Did you sound out the letters or pronounce it?
• If so, you used acoustic (or auditory) encoding.
– Did you give it meaning or relate it to something
you already know?
• If so, you used semantic encoding.
3 Ways to Encode
1. Visual Codes: Picture what something looks
like in your mind. Try to form a mental
picture.
2. Acoustic Codes: What something sounds
like. Read and repeat to self or out loud.
3. Semantic Codes: Attaching meaning or
figure out meaning.
Another application of encoding:
• Which is the proper spelling?
– A: Retrieval
– B: Retreival
• It’s “A”. How do we know?
– We don’t use visual encoding.
– We could use acoustic. How?
• Memorize the spelling by saying it to ourselves or out loud
– Semantic is the best way!
• Remember “I before E except after C!”?
Storage
• The maintenance of encoded information over
a period of time.
• Maintenance Rehearsal
– Repeating information over and over again
– Relatively poor way to put information into
permanent storage.
• Elaborative Rehearsal
– Make the memory meaningful by relating it to
information you already know well.
– Mnemonics-anything that assists in remembering
information. (example: acronym, song, rhyme)
Maintenance or Elaborative?
• Need to learn the first part of the Gettysburg
Address for a quiz tomorrow.
• Need to learn spelling words that have an “i”
after “c”.
• Need to remember a phone number given to
you when you call 411 but you have no pen.
Forgetting occurs when information is:
• Experienced but not encoded (if it is not encoded,
then it cannot be stored)
• Encoded but not stored (for instance, when we say
that something we were told “went in one ear and out the
other,” we mean that, although the information may have
been phonemically encoded, it was not stored)
• Encoded and stored, but cannot be retrieved
(which may happened, for instance, if you haven’t thought
about the information in a long time)
Activity: Need one volunteer.
• List of 10 words: Memorize them in order!
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Bunny
Cat
Dog
Mouse
Reindeer
Monkey
Bird
Snake
Hamster
Horse
Let’s test Mrs. Gentile:
Make a class list of 10 items
on the white board.
(With Mrs. G. out of the room)
• Pretend there is a major hurricane coming and
you have to decide on 10 items to buy at the
store.
• List the ten items.
Let’s test Mrs. Gentile:
Make a class list of 10 items
on the white board.
(With Mrs. G. out of the room)
• Pretend you just got a new apartment and you
only had money for 10 FOOD/DRINK items to
buy at the store for the first week you live
there.
• List the ten items.
My word list Mnemonic
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Set up your own Mnemonic for a ten word list
• Number your paper 1-10 like this:
1
6
2
7
3
8
4
9
5
10
Think of a simple rhyme word for each
number and draw picture of it.
Can you memorize the Preamble?
• The Preamble of the Constitution (3 mins)
• We the people of the United States, in order to form a
more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic
tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the
general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to
ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish
this Constitution for the United States of America.
Storage-organization
• As your memory develops, it organizes the
information into files and then files within
files.
Retrieval
• Locating stored information and returning it to
conscious thought.
• Context Dependent Memories
– The situation or place in which a person first had
the experience being remembered.
– Example: you will do better on a test when you
study for a test in the room where the test will be
given.
– If you were a policeman trying to get information
from a witness, how would this info help you?
• In a classic example of
context-dependent
memory, scuba divers
learned word lists on land
or underwater.
• Their memory for these
words was tested
subsequently in either the
same or the opposite
context.
• It was found that those
divers who had to recall
the words in the original
environment remembered
significantly more words
than did those requested
to change environments
• (Godden & Baddeley,
1975).
Retrieval
• State Dependent Memories
– Memories that are retrieved because the mood in
which they were originally encoded is re-created
– Feelings of happiness tend to bring back memories
from other times when we were happy…same with
sadness.
– Also for states of consciousness: things that
happen to somebody while under the influence of a
drug may be remembered most accurately when
the person is again under the influence of that drug.
Studying for a test….
• Pretend that you are studying for a Psychology test at
school and you have you have a really bad case of
diarrhea. You don't want to use the school bathrooms
so you hold it in while studying.
• You encode the Psychology information while
experiencing some bad cramping.
• The next day when you take the test you do NOT
remember the stuff you studied.
• According to state dependent memory, if you took some
EX-LAX and started cramping, you are more likely to
recall the information.
• Think about what this theory would say about your
studying habits (studying in bed or with the TV on)?
Tip of the tongue phenomenon
• You feel you know something. In fact, you are
sure you know it. However, you just cannot
seem to verbalize it.
• We usually try to retrieve it with acoustic or
semantic cues. Ex. Trying to remember a
name, we may say it starts with an “m” Mary?
Marie? Maria? Until we get it.
Review with pictures…How is the brain/memory
like a computer?
• Matching: Drag the picture under the correct word.
Encoding
Storage
or Retrieval?
• Draw here