Transcript Chapter 7: Human Memory

CHAPTER 7: HUMAN MEMORY
HUMAN MEMORY: BASIC QUESTIONS
How does information get ____ memory?
 How is information ________ in memory?
 How is information ___________ of memory?

Figure 7.2 Three key processes in memory
ENCODING: GETTING INFORMATION INTO MEMORY
The role of ________
 Focusing ________
 ________ attention

ENCODING: GETTING INFORMATION INTO MEMORY
The role of attention
 Levels of _____________

 Incoming
information processed at different
levels
 ________ processing = longer lasting memory
codes
 Encoding levels:
 ________
= shallow
 _________ = intermediate
 _________ = deep
Figure 7.3 Levels-of-processing theory
ENRICHING ENCODING

__________ = linking a stimulus to other
information at the time of encoding


Thinking of __________
______________ = creation of visual images
to represent words to be remembered

Easier for concrete objects: ____________ theory
STORAGE: MAINTAINING INFORMATION IN MEMORY
Analogy: information storage in _________
~ information storage in human _______
 Information-processing theories

 Subdivide
 Sensory,
memory into three different ______
Short-term, Long-term
Figure 7.6 The Atkinson and Schiffrin model of memory storage
SENSORY MEMORY
Brief preservation of information in ________
sensory form
 ___________ – approximately ___ second

SHORT TERM MEMORY (STM)

Limited duration – about ___ seconds
without rehearsal
 _________
– the process of repetitively
verbalizing or thinking about the information

Limited capacity – magical number
__________________
 _______
– grouping familiar stimuli for
storage as a single unit
SHORT-TERM MEMORY AS “WORKING MEMORY”
STM not limited to phonemic encoding
 Loss of information not only due to ______
 Baddeley (1986) – 3 components of working
memory

__________ rehearsal loop
 ___________ sketchpad
 _________ control system

Figure 7.7 Short-term memory as working memory
LONG-TERM MEMORY
__________ Capacity
 Permanent storage?

 __________

memories
How is knowledge represented and
organized in memory?
 _______
and Scripts
 _________ Networks
 Connectionist Networks and PDP Models
RETRIEVAL: GETTING INFORMATION
OUT OF MEMORY

The _____________ phenomenon – a
failure in retrieval
 Retrieval

Reinstating the context
 Context

____
cues
Reconstructing memories
 ____________

effect
Source monitoring
FORGETTING: WHEN MEMORY LAPSES
___________ Forgetting Curve
 _______ – the proportion of material
retained

 Recall
 Recognition
 Relearning
Figure 7.10 Ebbinghaus’ forgetting curve for nonsense syllables
WHY WE FORGET
Ineffective Encoding
 ________
 ___________

 Proactive
 Retroactive
Retrieval ______
 _____________

 Authenticity
of repressed memories?
 Memory illusions
 Controversy
Figure 7.11 Effects of interference
Figure 7.12 Retroactive and proactive interference
RETRIEVAL FAILURE
Encoding ____________
 Transfer-Appropriate Processing
 Repression

 Authenticity
of repressed memories?
 Memory ________
 Controversy
Figure 7.14 The prevalence of false memories observed by Roediger and McDermott (1995)
THE PHYSIOLOGY OF MEMORY

________
 Anterograde
and Retrograde Amnesia
 __________
 Medial


temporal lobe memory system
______circuitry
 Localized
neural circuits
 ________
modulating neurotransmitter
Biochemistry
systems
 Protein synthesis
Figure 7.16 The anatomy of memory
SYSTEMS AND TYPES OF MEMORY
Declarative vs. ___________
 _________ vs. Episodic
 Prospective vs. _____________

Figure 7.17 Theories of independent memory systems
Figure 7.18 Retrospective versus prospective memory