Transcript Gluck_OutlinePPT_Ch10 part 1

Chapter 10
Emotional
Learning and
Memory
10.1
Behavioral
Processes
10.1 Behavioral Processes
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What Is Emotion?
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Emotions Influence How Memories Are
Stored and Retrieved
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Unsolved Mysteries—Can People Forget,
Then Recover, Traumatic Memories?
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Learning Emotional Responses:
Focus on Fear
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What Is Emotion?
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Emotions involve:
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Function: marshal
body’s resources
to respond to
important situations.
Ryan Mcvay/Getty Images
Physiological responses
Overt behaviors
Conscious feelings
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What Is Emotion?
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Research by Ekman
and others indicate
that emotions are
universal (innate),
but appropriate
display
differs by culture
(nurture).
Ekman & Matsumoto, Japanese and Caucasian Facial
Expressions of Emotion, 1989.
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Ekman & Matsumoto, Japanese and Caucasian Facial
Expressions of Emotion, 1989.
What Is Emotion?
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Ekman & Matsumoto, Japanese and Caucasian Facial
Expressions of Emotion, 1989.
What Is Emotion?
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Ekman & Matsumoto, Japanese and Caucasian Facial
Expressions of Emotion, 1989.
What Is Emotion?
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Ekman & Matsumoto, Japanese and Caucasian Facial
Expressions of Emotion, 1989.
What Is Emotion?
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Ekman & Matsumoto, Japanese and Caucasian Facial
Expressions of Emotion, 1989.
What Is Emotion?
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Research by Ekman and others indicate
that emotions are universal (innate),
but appropriate display
differs by culture (nurture).
Ekman’s universal emotions:
Happiness
Fear
Anger
Surprise
Sadness
Disgust
Ekman & Matsumoto, Japanese and Caucasian Facial
Expressions of Emotion, 1989.
What Is Emotion?
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Autonomic Arousal and the
Fight-or-Flight Response
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Arousal—bodily responses that prepare to
face threat (fight-or-flight response).
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Responses include:
Increased blood flow to muscles
Increased respiration
Depressed digestion
Depressed immune function
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Autonomic Arousal and the
Fight-or-Flight Response
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Bodily changes mediated by autonomic
nervous system (ANS).
Sympathetic division of ANS is switched ON for
activation (especially cardiovascular system).
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ANS sends signal to adrenal glands, which
secrete stress hormones, including:
Epinephrine (or adrenaline)
Quickly increases heart rate, blood pressure,
respiration.
Glucocorticoids (including cortisol)
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Nervous
Systems
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The Fight-or-Flight Response
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Which Comes First: The Biological
Response, or the Conscious Feeling?
(A) James-Lange theory of emotion = see
the bear, jump, and then feel fear.
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Which Comes First: The Biological
Response, or the Conscious Feeling?
(B) Modern emotional theory = see the bear,
jump, interpret the bear as dangerous,
then feel fear.
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Which Comes First: The Biological
Response, or the Conscious Feeling?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sTTSL6xfc
Yw
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Animals display physiological responses
(e.g., piloerection) and overt behaviors
(which are studied).
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Whether or not animals
have conscious feelings
of emotion has yet to
be determined…?
Photograph by Frans de Waal
Do Animals Have Emotions?
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Emotions Influence How Memories
Are Stored and Retrieved
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Participants exposed to an illustrated
emotional story recalled more details from
the dramatic middle (after two weeks) than
those who saw the same 12 photos
accompanied by a neutral story.
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Pictures
Illustrating
Emotional
and Neutral
Stories
Photos courtesy of Larry Cahill,
based on an original design from
Heuer and Reisberg, 1990.
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Emotion and Encoding of
Memories
Result:
emotions
strengthen
explicit
memories.
Adapted from Cahill and McGaugh, 1995.
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Graph of effect of emotion on story recall.
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Emotion and Retrieval of
Memories
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Mood-congruency of memory—it is
easier to retrieve memories that match our
current mood.
e.g., patients diagnosed with clinical depression
more likely to recall sad events.
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In study, participants were asked to recall
episodic memories elicited by neutral
nouns (ship, street, etc.).
Participants’ stories reflected their current mood
(happy or sad).
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Mood Congruency of Memory
Data from Eich et al., 1994.
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Flashbulb Memories
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Where were you when…
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J0Qu6eyyr4c
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A2syxXPR7xY
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RIDhAjAGIDM&NR=1
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4u696R5GQEQ&feature=related
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GE-x572rXGY&feature=related
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Flashbulb Memories—emotional-event memory quickly formed; preserve
vivid detail.
Shocking event has “consequentiality” or personal significance.
Act like “flash photographs.”
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Can Flashbulb Memories
be Trusted?
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Accuracy over time?
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Confidence in accuracy?
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Source amnesia as a factor?
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Flashbulb memories: Distortion over Time
(Memory Distortions in O. J. Simpson Trial)
% of Subjects
50
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No distortion
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Minor distortion
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Major distortion
10
0
15 months
32 months
Time Elapsed
Adapted from Figure 1 of Schmolck, H., Buffalo, E., & Squire, L. (2000). Memory distortions develop over time:
Recollections of the O. J. Simpson trial verdict after 15 and 32 months. Psychological Science, 11(1), 39–45.
Unsolved Mysteries—Can People Forget,
Then Recover, Traumatic Memories?
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Extreme stress can disrupt the hippocampus,
resulting in an incomplete memory.
Such memories may be vulnerable to distortion.
Lab research suggests memories recovered during
guided imagery or hypnosis can be distorted.
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Further understanding of the brain
substrates of false memories may help
identify recovered memories.
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Learning Emotional Responses:
Focus on Fear
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Animal memory study is focused on
learning of physiological responses.
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Fear more often
investigated because:
Fear responses tend to
generalize to humans.
Fear responses are
relatively easy to elicit.
Photograph by Frans de Waal
Animals cannot verbalize
episodic memories.
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Conditioned Emotional Responses:
Learning to Predict Danger
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Rat freezes (unconditioned response, UR)
from an unpleasant, surprising electric shock
(unconditioned stimulus, US).
Nothing further happens, rat returns to normal.
Repeatedly paired with tone (neutral conditioned
stimulus, CS), rat may freeze in response to tone.
US–CS association
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Conditioned Emotional Responses:
Learning to Predict Danger
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Typical emotional conditioning experiment:
10 second tone CS is presented and animal is
startled; elicits slightly raised blood pressure and
brief freezing.
Next, tone CS is presented right before foot-shock
US; in 1 trial, rat develops 90-second freezing CR.
Other potential CRs include increased heart rate,
stress hormone release, or defecation.
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Emotionally conditioned CRs are long-lasting,
resistant to extinction, easy to recondition.
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Conditioned Emotional
Responding in Rats
Adapted from LeDoux, 1993.
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Conditioned Avoidance: Learning
to Avoid Danger Altogether
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Conditioned avoidance—learner increases
responses (takes action) to avoid danger.
In study, though it prefers the dark, rat is placed in
lighted area of box. Rat moves to dark area and is
shocked. Rat freezes and returns to lighted area.
Freezing is a CR to this environmental context.
Rat will also delay or avoid its return to dark area.
Illustrates positive punishment.
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Like conditioned emotional learning,
avoidance learning can be fast, long-lasting.
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Anagram Experiment
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Tab
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Whisk
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Lemon
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Slapstick
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Icemaran
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Icemaran
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Learned Helplessness
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Learned helplessness—exposure to
uncontrollable punisher teaches expectation
that response is ineffectual.
Reduces avoidance motivation.
May be component of depression.
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Learned Helplessness in Rats
Data from Besson et al., 1999.
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Learned Helplessness
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In Seligman et. al. study:
Dog received shock in an avoidance chamber.
If dog heard warning tone before shock, learned to
jump barrier to safe chamber, avoiding shock.
Next, dogs learn CS (tone)–US (shock) association
before placement in avoidance chamber. Prior US
exposure gave some dogs learned helplessness.
Dogs never learned to jump the barrier to escape
shock.
Instead, they ran around, then lay down and
whimpered, enduring the shock.
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Learned Helplessness
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A person or animal perceives that they are unable to
change a situation, even if the situation is changeable. This
feeling of futility is thought to be caused by an individual's
perception of events and their perception of a lack of ability
to control these events. The state of helplessness is learned
after an individual's attempts to correct situations failed, or
were perceived to have failed. The feeling of helplessness is
often expanded to future encounters with similar situations,
or even vastly dissimilar situations.
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Torture, Depression, etc?...
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10.1 Interim Summary
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Emotions consist of three distinct,
interrelated, processes:
Physiological responses (“fight-or-flight”)
Overt behaviors (e.g., smiling or freezing)
Conscious feelings
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We cannot know if nonverbal animals “feel”
emotions like humans do.
But, many species react to emotional stimuli with
similar physiological responses and behaviors.
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10.1 Interim Summary
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James-Lange theory of emotion =
conscious feelings of emotion occur when
the mind senses the bodily responses
associated with an emotion
“We feel afraid because we are running.”
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Modern researchers note that emotion is a
complex phenomenon involving a constant
interplay between cognitive assessments,
conscious feelings, and bodily responses.
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10.1 Interim Summary
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Major emotions = constant across races
and cultures. Though, expression (display)
of emotion may be socially learned.
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Emotional learning can be assessed by
measuring biological responses to
emotional stimulus.
e.g., heart rate, skin conductance response,
freezing response, conditioned avoidance.
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10.1 Interim Summary
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Fight-or-flight is mediated by autonomic
nervous system; temporarily diverts
resources toward bodily systems needed to
fight or run away.
Cluster of responses = arousal.
Stress hormones (e.g., epinephrine) help turn on
arousal, and glucocorticoids may help dampen it
once danger has passed.
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10.1 Interim Summary
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Emotional arousal increases the probability
that memories will be stored and retained.
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Flashbulb memories of highly emotional
events are especially vivid, long-lasting.
Not always accurate in all details.
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