Transcript class 07.new.look.2

Class 7: New Look II
Suppression and Reactions to Unusual Others
Langer et al., 1976
Ss have one-on-one encounter with one of three people:
Unimpaired
Handicapped
Pregnant
Before encounter, Ss can / can’t secretly stare at partner
DV -- Sitting distance from partner
Suppression and Reactions to Unusual Others
Langer et al., 1976, continued
What Are They Thinking?
What are their motives?
What are their emotions?
What do they see? What do they choose not to see?
What is conscious? What is unconscious?
"The Unconscious" a Misnomer
Classic view of unconscious: Iceberg, with unified mass under surface
Current view: Many kinds of unconsciousness, for each kind of cognition.
Memory Unconscious: Procedural, Associative
Motivational unconscious
Emotional unconscious
Unconscious Memory: Procedural
Automatic, over-learned behavior.
Requires no conscious attention
Disrupted by conscious attention
People cannot accurately describe how they perform behavior.
Unconscious Associate Memory
Time 1 Learning Phase
Taxi : Cab
Poodle
Fetch
Fleas
Kennel
Bark
Collar
Time 2 Recognition Phase
House
Apple
Dog
Tree
X
___Yes ___No
___ Yes ___
X No
X Yes ___ No
___
X No
___ Yes ___
"Please spell [phare]"
"OK: F-A-R-E" [But "FAIR" is more common.]
Relevance to social behaviors?
To maladaptive social habits and attitudes?
To "transference"?
Cable Cares, or Show-What?
Name One Character
Do you like this show?
Unconscious Affect (Emotions)
Korsakoff's Patients
Damaged hippocampus
Massive memory loss
Can't form new memories
"HM" : Visits mom in hospital. No recall of seeing mom. BUT, vague sense
something happened to mom, which suggests what?
Expt: Kors. Pats. read about nice character / not nice character. 20 days later,
asked to recall facts of characters.
X N Which character preferred?
Indicates
Remember facts? ___ Y ___
what?
Social Relevance: Do you know why you immediately like/dislike/fear/pity
someone you never met before? How related to HM, Korsakoff's stories?
Psychoanalytic Processes and
Emotional Unconscious
Psych. Threat and Perceptual Defense
(McGinnis, 1949)
WORD OR NON-WORD?
Givle
Leaf
Flish
X Rape
Desk
Vosin
Incest
Perceptual Defense AND Perceptual
Vigilance (Blum, 1954)
Ss see neutral or threat images
Taboo words vs.
Neutral words
Images showed at slow rate or
at near-subliminal rate.
DVs are RT and GSR
Slower speed, which is more
easily perceived? Supports
X
what phenom? __Defense
__ Vigilance
Which have longer RT?
Which higher GSR?
At higher speed, which more
easily perceived? Supports
what phenom? __ Defense
__ Vigilance
Physical Costs of Emotional Defense
Illusory Mental Health: People who are unaware of their own emotional stress.
Ss identified as being unconsciously distressed, based on memory descriptions
Claimed they were psychologically troubled (Concordant)
Claimed they were psychologically untroubled (Discordant)
Ss undergo mild stressor (e.g., read out loud, projective stories)
X Discordant
Cardiac reactivity to stressor is higher for ___ Concordant ___
Illusory Mental Health also associated with: More MD Visits
More displays of distress (stuttering)
Repressive Coping Style: Report low anxiety, bodies highly reactive. Show high
cholesterol, asthma, cancer vulnerability, immune-related ailments.
Unconscious Motives
Thematic
Apperception
Task (TAT)
You would like to be a: ___ Leader
___ Follower
___ In charge
___ Meeting expectations
[OVERALL MEASURE OF NEED FOR POWER]
Correl. between TAT and selfreport is low. Indicates?
Which predicts short term
motivation better?
Self Report
Which predicts long-term
career outcomes better?
TAT
Choices Based on Feelings Vs. Reason
Nisbett, R. E., & Wilson, T. D. (1977). Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports
on mental processes. Psychological Review, 84(3), 231.
"Wagner's music is better than it sounds" Mark Twain
A
B
Give 5 reasons why you like Painting A and Painting B
OR
Pick the painting you like better
Take home favored painting.
5 weeks later, rate how much you now like painting?
At 5 weeks, which
group happier with
choice?
Those who picked
w/o thinking. Why?
Greenwald: Is Uncons. Smart or Dumb?
Unconscious does exist
Operates at simple level: dumb, not smart
Techniques to investigate unc.
* Subliminal activation (M & I = 1)
* Selective attention (dichotic listening)
Findings
* Unc. affects memory: "mere exposure"
* Unc. affects learning: grammar, covariation rules.
* Implicit memory—amnesiacs and pin-prick
Conclusion: Unc. sensitivities based on gross
cues, like those used to sort "junk mail".
Implicit Covariation Task
Lewicki, Hill, & Czyzewska, (1992)
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Learning Tables
Subjects see many of these
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Test Table
Subjects fill in missing cell
Implicit Covariation Task
Lewicki, Hill, & Czyzewska, (1992)
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Learning Tables
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Test Table
Subjects fill in missing cell
Dan Simon’s Research on “Change Blindness”
http://viscog.beckman.illinois.edu/flashmovie/15.php
http://viscog.beckman.illinois.edu/flashmovie/10.php
Gorilla not seen if attention diverted by other task
Change blindness: Stranger asking directions
How are these phenomena relate to New Look?
To ability to see but not see?
Jacoby, et al.
Uncon. definitely exists—question is how and where it
influences thought and behavior.
Uncon defined: psych states (thoughts, behaviors) that lack
conscious control
Is uncons. an uptown gent or a downtown dude?
a. clean, dry, cognition-based entity
b. dirty, wet, emotion/need based entity
c. Jacoby agnostic on this question
Evidence of "Cool" Unconscious
Amnesiacs -- recall of negative events (pin prick), word
stem completions and priming.
Blindsight patients -- can't consciously see, but behave
as if they did see.
Prospagnosia --Can't consciously recognize face, but
show GSR to familiar faces.
Normals -- mere exposure, perceptual fluency, implicit
covariation
Jacoby et al. Method -- Memory Dissociations
Noise Judgments -Background noise more/less loud for previously heard sentences?
Background noise more/less loud for emote. arousing sentences?
False Fame -- Mistake familiarity of name with fame of named person.
Unconscious influence -- Question of control
Method of Opposition -- false fame task strong under distraction, weak
under non-distraction--when all Ss told that List 1 was non-fame.
Jacoby vs. Greenwald
Greenwald -- two senses of unconscious
1. Unconscious perception
2. Unconscious/automatic influences on memory
Jacoby -- Both issues subsumed by cognitive control
May be aware of event in moment, but then forget this
awareness. However "damage done",
learning occurred. We just forgot that it occurred.
"Subliminal messages" might be seen, then
forgotten, in subsequent attn. to lyrics, movie images.
Pooping Babies: Biological States, Primed Goals, and
Emotional Reactions
Shidlovksi & Hasssin, 2011
Emotions Serve Goals
Old View: Emotions once seen as obstacles to goals, and self control
New view: Emotions can abet goals
1. Provide feedback on progress [HOW SO?]
2. People prefer emotions that advance goals: Anger, excitement
[WHY?]
Emotions modulate goal-related behavior. Act as “accelerator” or “brake”
Unconscious goals can therefor affect conscious emotions.
Study Design
Goal Relevant (peak fertility Ss)
Motherhood
Prime
Neutral
Prime
Disgusting Stim
Goal
Relevant
Goal
Irrelevant
Goal Irrelevant (low fertility Ss)
Motherhood
Prime
Neutral
Prime
Disgusting Stim
Goal
Relevant
Goal
Irrelevant
How disgusting is this picture? 1 – 9
[MEASURES GOAL-REL. EMOTION]
How much want to establish family? 1– 9
[MEASURES CONSCIOUSNESS OF GOAL]
Disgust Ratings Due to Stim, Prime, and Physio. State
Goal-Related Stim (Runny Nose Baby)
Goal-Unrelated Stim (Rotten Vegs.)