Transcript The Renaissance - southsidehistory

Renaissance & Reformation
1.
Define the following terms: renaissance, patronage,
mercenary, burgher, republic, humanism, fresco,
vernacular, perspective, Christian humanism, salvation,
indulgence, Lutheranism, justification, predestination,
annul, ghetto
2.
Identify the following individuals and their
contributions to the Renaissance and Reformation:
Petrarch, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael,
Baldassare Castiglione, N. Machiavelli, Johannes
Gutenberg, Albrecht Durer, D. Erasmus, Martin Luther,
John Calvin, Henry VIII, and Ignatius of Loyola
The Renaissance
c.1350-1600
How was society beginning to change by the 14th century?
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Medieval Europe
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fragmented feudal society
church-dominated intellectual and cultural life
agricultural economy
Early Modern Europe (after the Renaissance)
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society dominated by centralized political institutions
lay patronage of education, arts, and music
urban, commercial economy
Copy the following questions in your notebook. Think about
each question and respond to it in writing. Be prepared to
answer them in class discussion.
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What term in English expresses the Renaissance ideal of a wellrounded, multi-talented person?
What are the world’s largest trading cities today?
Should political leaders adhere to basic moral principles when
pursuing the state’s affairs or just look out for the state’s interests?
Characteristics of the Renaissance?
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urban society
an age of recovery
increasing regard for the individual human
Increased secular viewpoints
The Italian Renaissance (c.1350-1550)
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Renaissance “rebirth”
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Jacob Burckhardt, The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860)
Increased power and wealth of Italian city-states such as
Milan, Florence, and Venice
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less decline during the Middle Ages
The Crusades?
Italy was a transfer point between East and West
manufacturing in the Italian city-states
banking
growth of political power of the city-states
lay patronage of education, art, and music (for example, the Medici
family in Florence)
What was the intellectual movement known as humanism?
Humanism
 characterized by secularism and individualism
 based on the classics, the literary works of ancient
Greece and Rome
 Petrarch- 15th century (Father of Italian Renaissance
Humanism)
Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374)
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“Father of Humanism”
referred to the medieval period as the “Dark Ages”
collected and analyzed ancient texts
greatly inspired by the Roman statesman
Marcus Tullius Cicero (106 B.C-43 A.D.)
 wrote in classical Latin and the Italian vernacular
 assembled a library of Greek and Roman
manuscripts
Humanist Education
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Humanists of the Renaissance believed that education
could affect positive change in human beings.
Emphasized liberal studies- history, moral philosophy,
rhetoric, grammar and logic, mathematics, poetry, and
astronomy, and music
The curriculum was intended to develop individuals to
their full potential and help them to attain virtue and
wisdom.
Physical education was also stressed.
Its ultimate aim was to create complete, well-rounded
citizens.
The Artistic Renaissance in Italy
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Florence, Italy (c.1400- 1550)
Renaissance artists endeavored to imitate nature in their
works.
A new view of human nature began to emerge- human
beings were the “center and measure” of all things.
The use of perspective, lighting, and space to create
realism
Medieval Art
Medieval or Renaissance?
Leonardo da Vinci
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Renaissance man
(polymath or polyhistor)
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Leonardo da Vinci
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What term in English expresses
the Renaissance ideal of a wellrounded, multi-talented person?
Inventions
Sketches
Da Vinci’s Famous Paintings
The Last Supper
Mona Lisa
Virgin of the Rocks
Michelangelo
Pieta
David
Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, Michelangelo
School of Athens, Raphael
Niccolò Machiavelli
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The Prince, 1513
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The Prince became a guide
for rulers on how to gain
and maintain power
Should political leaders
adhere to basic moral
principles when pursuing the
state’s affairs or just look out
for the state’s interests?
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“Everyone realizes how praiseworthy it is for a prince
to honor his word and to be straightforward rather
than crafty in his dealings; nonetheless experience
shows that princes who have achieved great things
have been those who have given their word lightly,
who have known how to trick men with their cunning,
and who, in the end have overcome those abiding by
honest principles….”
Niccolo Machiavelli, The Prince, 1513
Baldassare Castiglione (1478-1529)
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The Book of the Courtier (1528)
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Rejected crude habits and promoted
standard behavior for noble
gentlemen
Described the ideal “Renaissance
Man”
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The Northern Artistic Renaissance
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Belgium, Luxembourg, and
the Netherlands
A different approach to art
than the Italians- the
northern painters became
masters of detail. Initially,
however, the northern
painters did not study the
laws of perspective.
The artistic center of
northern Europe was in
Flanders
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The German artist
Albrecht Dürer (14711528) incorporated the
laws of perspective in his
paintings while still
maintaining the northern
emphasis on detail.
Dürer applied painting
techniques that he
learned in Italy to the
engraving process
Jan van Eyck (13851441)- perfected and
popularized oil painting
Knight, Death, and the Devil (1513)
by Albrecht Dürer
*copper engraving
Jan van Eyck, The Arnolfini Portrait
Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536)
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Christian humanist
master of Greek and Latin
produced the first Greek
printed edition of the New
Testament in 1516
used humor and satire in his
writings to bring attention to
abuses in the Church
“Erasmus laid the egg that Luther
hatched.”
Printing Press
Johannes Gutenberg (c.1400-1469)
• developed a printing
press that used blocks of
moveable type
•by c.1455 the Gutenberg
Bible became the earliest
book printed from
moveable type in Europe
•printing using movable
type enabled people to
become better informed
The Protestant
Reformation
What was the Reformation?
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Religion in the year 1500 in Western Europe?
Church was an ever-present aspect in the lives
of all Christians
sacraments
 tithe
 holidays, church bells, etc.
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What were many Christians beginning to question?
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the effects of war, disease, and famine
questions concerning the afterlife were of great
concern to many
Although the ordinary people tried to live religious
lives, the clergy often did not.
corruption
 insincerity
 disregard for Church law
 political engagements of the popes
 lavish living while peasants starved
 fathering of children (with vow of celibacy)
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Earlier reform attempts:
 Dominic (13th century) preached against heresy
Believed that many of the incorrect beliefs came
from misinformed priests
 Dominic devoted himself to training priests
(Dominicans)
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Heresy and the Inquisition- 13th century
John Wycliffe and Jan Huss
Other challenges to the Church:
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*Most Europeans were still loyal to the Church,
but there was a growing number of critics.
Lutheranism
Martin Luther
Martin Luther (1483-1546)
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Luther was born a peasant, but his father secured his way
to study at the university (completed his Bachelors and
Masters)
In 1505, Luther was caught in a lightening storm and
vowed to become a monk if he survived. He joined the
order of Augustine monks
Received his doctorate in theology and taught at the
University of Wittenberg
Luther’s beliefs
In 1517, angered by indulgences (Johann Tetzel), he posted
his Ninety-five Theses
Disputation at Leipzig (1519), Diet of Worms (1521)
Luther protected by Frederick the Wise of Saxony
Translated the Bible from Latin and Greek into the
German vernacular
The Peace of Augsburg (1555)
The Spread of Protestantism
Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)
 Swiss Reformer
 theocracy in Zurich
 Luther and Zwingli
The Spread of Protestantism
John Calvin (1509-1564)
 France to Switzerland (Geneva)
 theocracy in Geneva
 Institutes of the Christian Religion
(1536)
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predestination
the elect
Spread of Calvinism
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Scotland (John Knox)- Presbyterianism
France- Huguenots
England and North America- Puritans
Reformation in England
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Henry VIII (r.1509-1547)
Tudor monarch
Defense of the Seven Sacraments, 1521
Problem the Church?
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Henry VIII
Catherine of Aragon (wife #1)
Anne Boleyn (wife #2… of 6)
England’s Break with Rome
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Pope Clement VII (r.1523-1534) refused Henry’s requested
annulment with Catherine of Aragon
Act of Annates (1532)- refused revenue to the church in Rome
Act of Appeals (1533)- ended the pope’s legal authority on
England
Act of Supremacy (1534)- made the English king the supreme head
of the Church of England (Anglican Church)
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Fate of the English humanist Thomas More?
Act of Succession (1534)- all of the king’s subjects had to take an
oath of loyalty to the king as head of the Anglican Church
**The king secured these acts with the
cooperation of the English Parliament.
How did the Church of England (Anglican Church) change after 1534?
Anabaptists
formed in 1525
 radical reformers
 rejected any secular agreements
 believed that church and state should be separate
 refused to serve in the military
 rejected infant baptism
 rejected the idea of the Trinity
 millenarians
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Modern-day Mennonites, Quakers, and Unitarians
are rooted in Anabaptist ideology
Catholic Reformation
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Principal Objectives
 Society of Jesus, 1534
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Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556)
Council of Trent, 1545
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reform of abuses within the church Ignatius of Loyola
reaffirmed established church doctrine
Inquisition and censorship
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Index of Banned Books