Transcript Bio392 - Chapter 2-3 - notes

Opener Questions
• 1. What are some foods that you ate yesterday
or today?
• 2. What are some things in those foods that your
body may need?
• 3. How do you think your body used each of the
foods that you ate?
• 4. A common saying is “You are what you eat.”
What do you think this statement means?
Theme = “You Are What You Eat”
Carbon
Compounds
Chapter 2.3
Carbon
• Number 6 on the periodic table
 Why is it so unique?
 It can form 4 covalent bonds because it has 4
electrons in its outer shell
• Can form very long, complex molecules
 One carbon atom can bond to other carbon
atoms to form long chains or rings
Organic Molecules
• Organic Molecules:
Contain carbon bonded to hydrogen
-ex. CH4 (methane gas)
• Inorganic Molecules:
Do not contain carbon bonded to hydrogen
-ex. CO2 (carbon dioxide gas)
Examples of Organic Compounds
Section 2-3
A long chain
Chains
Methane
Acetylene
A ring
Butadiene
Benzene
Isooctane
Macromolecules
 Means “giant molecules”
 Monomers (small units) join together to form
polymers (large compounds) through the
process of polymerization
 monomers can be the same or different
• 4 Classes:
–
–
–
–
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
• Made of elements: C, H, O
*Ratio of 2 H to 1 O*
• Monosaccharide = monomer
(“mono” = 1, “saccharide” = sugar)
– Simple sugar
 C6H12O6
•  Ex: Galactose (in milk), Fructose (in fruit), Glucose
Carbohydrate
Carbohydrates
• Functions:
 Energy sources
 Structures in plants
• Other types
Polysaccharides: Starch, cellulose, glycogen
(“poly” = many, “saccharide” = sugar)
Starch = A Polysaccharide
Section 2-3
Starch
Is made up of glucose, a monosaccharide
Proteins
• Elements: C, H, O, N, and S
• Monomer =  Amino acid
There are 20 amino acids total
– Picture on page 47
1. R group = varies from 1
amino acid to another
2. Carboxyl group = COOH
3. Amino group = NH2
Examples of Amino Acids
Section 2-3
Amino group
Carboxyl group
General structure
Alanine
Serine
Proteins
• Functions:
 1. Building material
 2. Carrying out chemical reactions
 3. Fighting disease
 4. Transporting materials
Proteins
• When two or more amino acids join
together, they form a polypeptide
– Held together by a  peptide bond
 A water molecule is released when a peptide
bond is formed
Section 2-3
Amino
acids
A Protein
Lipids
• Elements: C, H, O
– High hydrogen to oxygen ratio
 Ratio of H:O not equal to 2:1
• Building blocks:
 Glycerol and 3 fatty acid tails
Types of Lipids
• Saturated fats –
– Contain all single covalent bonds
– Contains maximum # of hydrogens
Are considered bad for you heart
• Unsaturated fats –
– Contains double and triple bonds
– Typically liquid at room temp.
Are considered better for you heart
Lipids
• Functions:
– Stored and used as energy
– Structural component of cell membranes
– Protect nerve cells in animals
– Speed up nerve impulses
– Protect from the cold
Lipids
• Oils  lipids produced by plants
 Are unsaturated = usually liquid at room temp.
• Fats  lipids produced by animals
 Are saturated = usually solid at room temp.
• Waxes  produced by both plants and animals
• Cholesterol and steroids  insoluble in water
Nucleic Acids
• Elements: C, H, O, P, and N
 Some other elements can be used
• Monomer = nucleotide
 Made of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a
nitrogenous base
Nucleic Acids
• Types:  RNA and
DNA
• Function:
Carry genetic
information
A Well-Balanced Diet
• 1. Carbohydrates = 50-60%
– pasta, bread, fruits, vegetables
• 2. Fat = 20-30%
– butter, mayonnaise, cooking oil
• 3. Protein = 10%
– meat, fish, eggs, nuts, soybeans,
• 4. Other = 10%
– burgers, tacos, cookies
Concept Map of Organic Compounds
Section 2-3
*Fill in the Blanks*
Carbon
Compounds
include
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
which contain
which contain
which contain
which contain
Concept Map of Organic Compounds
Section 2-3
*Answer Key*
Carbon
Compounds
include
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Proteins
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
Sugars and
starches
Fats and oils
Nucleotides
Amino Acids
which contain
which contain
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
which contain
which contain
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
Carbon,
hydrogen,oxygen,
nitrogen,