Transcript Biochemistry

Biochemistry
The Atom
Smallest unit of an
____________
 Three particles

– Protons (___ charge)
– Neutrons (__ charge)
– Electrons (__ charge)

_________ contains
protons and
neutrons
Elements
 Pure
substance
consisting of only
one type of
___________
 Listed in the
_______________
 Atoms of each
element differ by
the # of
___________
Isotopes
Atoms of an
element with
different number of
__________
 Atomic # is the
_____; mass # is
_________
 Most have same
chemical properties

Radioactive Isotopes
 Uses
of radioactive isotopes
– Dating of rocks and fossils
– Treating cancer
– Killing bacteria on food
– Trace movements of substances within
the body
Chemical Compounds
 Substance
of two or more ________
in definite proportions
 __________ chemical properties
than the original elements
 Compound composition given in
chemical formula
– Examples: ______________
Chemical Reactions
Breaking and forming ________________
 _______- original elements or
compounds
 _______- ending elements or compounds

Monomer vs Polymer
 ___________-
building block
basic repeating
 _________-
two monomers
connected together
 _________-
many monomers
connected together
Dehydration Synthesis
Building larger molecules from smaller ones
(requires energy)
 Monomer → Polymer

Hydrolysis
Break down large molecules into smaller
ones (releases energy)
 Polymer → Monomer

Carbon Compounds
Condensation/Synthesis
Polymer
Monomer
Hydrolysis
What is So Special About
Carbon?
 Carbon
can bond with ______ other
atoms
 Creates a great variety of different
compounds
 Can for complex molecules including
__________________________
Carbohydrates
Made of C, H, and O in a _________ ratio
 Monomers

– Monosaccharide
– Examples: _______________________

Dimers
– Disaccharides
– Examples: _______________________

Polymers
– Polysaccharides
– Examples: _________________________
Carbohydrates (cont)
Carbohydrates (cont)
Carbohydrates (cont)
Carbohydrates (cont)
CHITIN
Cellulose
Uses for Carbohydrates
 Provide
 Used
________ for body functions
to build nucleic acids
 Other
____________ functions
Tests for Carbohydrates
 Benedict’s
 Iodine
Test for ________ sugars
Test for __________ Sugars
Lipids
Made of C, H, and O (phospholipids have
P)
 Triglyceride

– 1 Glycerol, 3 Fatty Acid Chains
– Examples: _______________________

Phospholipid
– 1 Glycerol, 2 Fatty Acid Chains
– Example: __________________________

Steroid
– 4 Carbon ring structure
– Example: ____________________________
Lipids (cont)
Lipids (cont)
Lipids (cont)
Lipids (cont)
Lipids (cont)
Cholesterol
Progesterone
Testosterone
Uses for Lipids
 ___________
 Padding
source
and insulation
 Structural
 _______________
Tests for Lipids

Sudan IV Test

Newspaper Test
Nucleic Acid
Made of C, H, O, N and P
 Monomer- ___________ Phosphate
 DNA

– Sugar- Deoxyribose
– Nitrogen Bases- _________

Sugar
RNA
– Sugar- Ribose
– Nitrogen Bases- __________
Nitrogen Base
DNA NUCLEOTIDE
= Phosphate
Purines
= Deoxyribose
Pyrimidines
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
DNA STRUCTURE
A=T
G=C
A
G
T
C
Nucleic Acid (cont)
RNA NUCLEOTIDE
= Phosphate
Purines
= Ribose
Pyrimidines
= Adenine
= Uracil
= Guanine
= Cytosine
RNA STRUCTURE
•Single-stranded
Uses for Nucleic Acids
 Genetic
code
ATP Structure
Adenine
Adenosine
High Energy Bonds
Ribose
Phosphates
ADP
AMP
Rechargeable Battery
Protein
 Made
of C, H, O, S, and N
 Monomer
– ___________(20 found in body)
 Polymer
– ______________
– Amino Acids are held together by
peptide bond
Amino Acid Structure
H
H3N+
C
R
COOH
Amino Acid Structure
Polypeptide
H
H3N+
C
R
H
COOH
H3N+
C
R
H
COOH
H 3 N+
C
R
H
COOH
H3N+
C
R
COOH
Uses for Proteins
 Structural
 ______________
 Transport
 _______________
Test for Protein
Biuret Test
Energy of Reactions

Reaction Types
– Energy _____________
 Rxn
is spontaneous (does not mean fast)
 Activation energy- energy needed to get the rxn
started
 At end of the rxn, energy released into environment
– Energy _____________
 Rxn
is not spontaneous
 _____________ energy- energy needed to get the
rxn started
 At end of the rxn, energy absorbed from environment
Reaction Diagrams
Enzymes
__________ for rxn (speeds it up)
 ___________ (reactant) enters active site
of enzyme to form enzyme-substrate
complex; after rxn product leaves
 Enzyme is unchanged

Action of Enzymes

Speeds up rxn by
_________________________________
Enzyme Reaction Rates
 Rates
can be affected by
– ________________
– ____________
– ____________________
Dissociation of Water
pH Scale
Scale measuring amount
of ______(really H3O+)
 Ranges from _______
 Below 7- _______

– Higher H+

Above 7- _______
– Higher OH-

7- ________
– Equal numbers of both