Transcript Organic Chemistry PP

Organic Chemistry
Organic ChemistryThe study of organic compounds, which are
those compounds containing carbon.
(Chains of carbon)
Inorganic Compounds
Inorganic Compounds
•
•
•
•
Do not contain carbon
Exceptions - CO2, CO, bicarbonates
Other examples: NaOH, O2, H2O
WATER is the most abundant and important
inorganic material, making up 60% - 80% of all
cells and 2/3 of body weight
Organic Compounds
• Compounds that contain
CARBON are called organic
and are needed for life to
exist.
• Carbon is found in things
that are or once were living.
• We are NOT talking about
organic made products from
the grocery store
Carbon (C)
• Carbon has 4 valence electrons.
• Carbon can form covalent bonds with as
many as 4 other atoms (elements).
• Usually with C, H, O, or N
• Four 90 angle bonds
• Example: CH4 (methane)
Carbon
Carbon can form
single, double or triple
bonds with itself.
Single: C-C
double: C=C
triple: C=C
Carbon Compounds
Carbon can bond with other
carbon to form chains
Three different forms
• straight chains
• branched chains
• rings
No other element comes
close to carbon’s versatility
Macromolecules
• Large organic molecules
• Also called POLYMERS.
• Made up of smaller “building blocks” called
MONOMERS.
Examples:
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids (not a polymer)
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
Macromolecules
Organic compounds are composed of
hundreds to thousands of individual
molecules.
– The single molecules in a polymer are called
monomers.
Macromolecules
The long molecules formed by repeating
patterns of monomers are called polymers.
Macromolecules
• 4 Types of Organic Compounds or
macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, and nucleic acids (DNA and
RNA).
– Essential to maintaining life processes: cell
function, storage, energy, homeostasis and
genetic information.
Question
How are Macromolecules
Formed?
Answer: Dehydration Synthesis
• Also called
“condensation reaction”
• Forms polymers by
combining monomers
by “removing water”
• Synthesis reaction
(building a molecule)
Question
How are macromolecules
separated or digested?
Answer: Hydrolysis
• Separates polymers
by “adding water”
• Breaking down a
molecule
• Digestion
• Why is it important
to drink extra water
if you are trying to
lose weight?
Condensation vs Hydrolysis
Functional Groups
• A functional group is a group of atoms that
characterize the structure of a family of organic
compounds.
• Functional groups determine many of the
properties of organic compounds.
• Functional groups are where two molecules will
combine
• 4 Types to know: Amine (NH2), Carboxyl
(COOH), Hydroxyl (OH), phosphate
Amine Group
N-H2
Found in Proteins
and Nucleic Acids
Functional Groups
Carboxyl Group
COOH
Found in lipids and
Proteins
Functional Groups
Hydroxyl Group
-OH
Found in
Carbohydrates,
Lipids and
Nucleic Acids
Functional Groups
Phosphate group
Phosphate group
Found in
Phospholipids and
Nucleic acids
Nucleotide
Carbohydrates
• Make up sugars and
starches
• Contain a hydroxyl
(OH) group
• Contain atoms of
carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen.
• The ratio of the atoms
is 1 C : 2 H : 1 O
• Provide energy to the
cells.
• Some carbohydrates
are used for structure
• Dissolve in water
(hydrophilic)
Types of Carbohydrates
• Carbohydrates are classified according
to size.
• One sugar is a monosaccharide
(monomer).
• Two sugars make a disaccharide.
• Many sugar molecules linked together form
a polysaccharide (polymer).
Monosaccharides
• These are the monomers of Carbohydrates
• One sugar unit (One monosaccharide)
• (Also called simple sugars)
glucose
Milk Sugar
Fruit Sugar
Types of Carbs
Monosaccharides
Examples:
Energy Monosaccharides
• Glucose (C6H12O6) – Sugar plants make
****most important monosaccharide
• Fructose- Fruit sugar
• Galactose- monomer of milk sugar
Structural Monosacchrides
• Deoxyribose – found in DNA
• Ribose- found in RNA
Disaccharide
Maltose is two glucose molecules; forms in digestive tract of
humans during starch digestion.
Types of Carbs
Disaccharide
Disaccharide: two monosaccharides
• Examples:
Sucrose (glucose + fructose) Table Sugar
Lactose (glucose + galactose) Milk Sugar
Maltose (glucose + glucose) Malt Sugar
glucose
glucose
Polysaccharide
Starch is straight chain of glucose molecules with few side
branches.
Types of Carbs
Polysaccharide
(complex carbohydrates)
Polysaccharide: many monosaccharides
Examples:
Starch (bread, potatoes)-stored excess sugar
in plants
Glycogen (beef muscle)-stored excess sugar
in animals
Cellulose (lettuce, corn) -builds cell walls in
plants
Chitin (exoskeleton of crayfish)
Questions?
Do polysaccharides or monosaccharides
provide more energy? Why?
What type of carbohydrate would you eat if
you needed quick energy?
What type of carbohydrate would you eat
the night before you run a marathon?
Lipids
• The four types of
lipids are fats, oils,
steroids and waxes.
• Contain carbon,
hydrogen, and
oxygen
• Typically contain two
building blocks –
glycerol and fatty
acids
• Glycerol contains the
hydroxyl (OH) group.
• Fatty acids contain
the carboxyl (COOH)
group.
Building Blocks in Lipids
Lipids
Functions of Lipids
• Lipids store energy
for later use by the
body.
• Lipids also serve
as padding and
protection for the
body.
• Lipids do not
dissolve in water
(hydrophobic), but
may contain parts
that can dissolve in
water.
• The H : O ratio is
higher in lipids than
it is in
carbohydrates.
Structure of a Lipid
• Dissolves in
water
(hydrophilic)
• Does not
dissolve in
water
(hydrophobic)
Phospholipid
• Found in cell
membranes
– Head is the
phosphate
group.
• Hydrophilic
– Tails are the
fatty acids.
• Hydrophobic
Fatty Acids
• Long chains of carbon atoms with
attached hydrogen atoms (hydrocarbons)
• Saturated fats contain only single bonds
between the carbon atoms.
• Unsaturated fats contain one or more
double or triple bonds between the carbon
atoms.
Saturated & Unsaturated Fats
Proteins
• Proteins are the building materials for the
body.
– Hair, skin, muscles, and organs are made
mostly of proteins.
• Composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen,
and oxygen
• Contain amine (NH2) and carboxyl
(COOH) groups
Function of Proteins
• The building blocks of
proteins are amino acids
(monomers).
• Serve as enzymes which
control rate of reactions
and regulate cell
processes.
• Amino acids are
connected by a special
type of bond called a
peptide bond.
• Amino acid chains are
called polypeptides.
• A protein contains one or
more polypeptide chains.
Amino Acids
Function of Proteins
Types of Proteins
• There are two types of proteins –
fibrous and globular.
• Fibrous protein (found in skin, tendons,
bones, and muscles) does not dissolve
in water (hydrophobic).
• Globular protein (found in enzymes,
some hormones, and hemoglobin) can
dissolve in water (hydrophilic).
Fibrous Proteins
• Keratins are a family
of fibrous structural
proteins; tough and
insoluble, they form
the hard but
nonmineralized
structures found in
reptiles, birds,
amphibians and
mammals.
Types of Proteins
Globular Proteins
• Enzymes are
proteins that catalyze
(i.e. accelerate)
chemical reactions.
• Almost all processes
in a biological cell
need enzymes in
order to occur at
significant rates.
Types of Proteins